Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume XIII.djvu/181

 PAUL 171 latter is the most conspicuous edifice of Pau, and is remarkable for great historic associa- tions. It was the birthplace of Henry IV., and his cradle and other relics are preserved in it. The castle was sacked by the revolutionists in 1793, and restored under the reign of Louis Castle of Pau. Philippe, Charles XIV. of Sweden (Bernadotte), a native of Pau, giving magnificent presents for the apartment leading to the chapel. PAUL, the name of five popes, of whom the most important are the following. I. Paul HI. (ALESSANDRO FAENESE), born at Canino, Feb. 28, 1468, died in Rome, Nov. 10, 1549. Hav- ing completed his studies in Florence, he filled several important offices, was made cardinal in September, 1493, bishop of Parma by Julius II., and bishop of Frascati by Leo X. He was elected pope on Oct. 13, 1534. In 1535 he excommunicated Henry VIII., citing him to appear in Rome within 90 days; and in 1538 he confirmed the excommunication. He sum- moned, June 2, 1536, a general council to meet at Mantua, but transferred it successively to Vicenza and Trent, where the first session was held in December, 1545. He made an abor- tive league with the emperor and the repub- lic of Venice against the Turks, and induced Francis I. and Charles V. to conclude a truce for ten years at Nice (1538), which however was not observed. He established the inquisi- tion at Naples, approved the society of Jesus, sent a contingent of 12,000 foot and 1,000 horse to join the emperor's forces in Germany against the Protestants, and opposed the religious paci- fication called the Interim granted by Charles V. in 1547. He exerted himself zealously to subdue the turbulent feudatories of the Papal States, and expelled the powerful Colonna fam- ily from Rome. Before becoming a priest he had a son and a daughter, the former of whom was created duke of Parma and Piacenza. lit Paul IV. (GIOVANNI PIETBO CAEAFFA), born at Capriglia, kingdom of Naples, June 28, 1476, died in Rome, Aug. 18, 1559. He was profi- cient in the Scriptures and the oriental lan- guages, became archbishop of Chieti in 1505, was sent to England by Julius II. to collect the "Peter's pence," founded with St. Cajetan the order of Theatines in 1524, and was created cardinal on Dec. 22, 1536. He was appointed archbishop of Naples on Dec. 15, 1549, and on May 23, 1555, was elected pope in spite of the opposition of Spain. He displayed an energy in his administration which had not been ex- pected from his advanced age and previous studious habits. He concluded an alliance with Henry II. of France against the emperor Charles V. (December, 1555), and afterward against Philip II., in consequence of which his domin- ions were invaded by the duke of Alva, and the Spanish troops advanced almost to the gates of Rome. A peace was concluded in 1557. The emperor Ferdinand I. having accepted the throne without consulting the holy see, the pope dismissed the imperial ambassador, and Ferdinand did not come to Rome to be crowned, an example which was imitated by all the succeeding emperors. Paul IV. was determined in his hostility to the Protestants, against whom he issued a bull in 1559, and co- operated earnestly with Queen Mary in her attempts to restore Catholicism in England. He introduced the inquisition into his domin- ions, and labored assiduously for the refor- mation of the clergy. He raised his nephews to the highest honors in the state, and made one of them a cardinal, though he had been a soldier and a libertine ; but hearing that they