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 PASQUIER 147 and in October captured Erivan. He was re- warded by Nicholas with a million rubles and the title of count of Erivan. Paskevitch now crossed the Aras, and by a rapid advance entered the city of Tabriz. After the peace of Turkmantchai, concluded Feb. 22, 1828, he commanded in the east in the war against Tur- key, while the principal Russian army was engaged on the line of the lower Danube and the Balkan. Anapa, Poti, Kars, and Akhal- tzik were taken in the summer of that year; and advancing through mountain passes in 1829, Paskevitch surprised a large army un- der the seraskier. Assisted by the treachery of the janizaries, he took Erzerum, July 9, and pushed forward toward Trebizond, in the vicinity of which he received the news of the peace of Adrianople. Made field marshal and governor of the province of Georgia, he check- ed the rising of the Lesghian mountaineers in 1830, and in 1831 was appointed commander- in-chief of the armies in Poland. He crossed the Vistula near the Prussian frontier, and ad- vanced on the right bank of that river toward "Warsaw, which after a desperate struggle ca- pitulated (Sept. 8). The conqueror received the title of prince of Warsaw, and was made gov- ernor of Poland, which was now stripped of its constitutional semi-independence, and trans- formed into a Russian province, though main- taining some institutions of a separate adminis- tration. Paskevitch not only discharged his duty to the entire satisfaction of his master, but by his moderation also gained some popu- larity among the Polish people. Various at- tempts at a new rising, the most serious of which was that of 1846, were speedily sup- pressed. Nicholas, having already attempted an invasion of Hungary from the south in January, 1849, in the ensuing spring placed Paskevitch at the head of an army of more than 200,000 men, which simultaneously cross- ed the northern, northwestern, and southeast- ern Carpathians, acting in part independent- ly, and in part in conjunction with the Aus- trians. No brilliant victory was now achieved by Paskevitch, his principal merit consisting in cautiously avoiding dangers, while the Hun- garians were slowly crushed by the weight of converging masses. Gorgey's surrender at Vilagos (Aug. 13) having virtually ended the struggle, Paskevitch returned to Warsaw, where he received new honors. A grand jubilee soon after took place in that city on the 50th anni- versary of his entrance into the army, and he was made a field marshal by both the emperor of Austria and the king of Prussia. In April, 1854, he took command of the principal Rus- sian army in the war against Turkey, after the first disastrous campaign on the Danube; but having been wounded before Silistria (June 8), which he failed to conquer, he resigned. PASQHER, ^tienne, a French author, born in Paris, April 7, 1529, died Aug. 31, 1615. He first appeared in 1549 in the capacity of attor- ney before the parliament of Paris. After publishing Le HonopJiile and Les colloques d* amour, in prose, and several miscellaneous poems, he produced in 1561 the first book of his SechercJies de la France. In 1564 he was counsel for the university in its lawsuit with the Jesuits. In 1585 he was appointed attor- ney general to the court of accounts, and in 1588 was elected a deputy to the states general at Blois. He accompanied the royalist mem- bers of the parliament who, under Henry III., held their sessions at Tours, and returned to Paris with Henry IV. He now found himself involved in new quarrels with the Jesuits. In 1603 he resigned his office of attorney general to his eldest son, and devoted his later years to revising and publishing his literary works. Most of these were printed in 2 vols. fol. (Am- sterdam, 1723). Besides his invaluable Re- cherches de la France in 9 books, they in- clude 22 books of familiar letters, affording ample information upon the manners of the time. Leon Feugere has edited his (Euvres choisies (2 vols. 18mo, Paris, 1849), with an excellent biographical and critical notice. Pas- quier's fame as a jurist has been fully vindi- cated by the publication of his Interpretation des Institutes de Justinien, edited by M. Charles Giraud (4to, Paris, 1847). P1SQIIER, Etienne Denis, duke, a French statesman, of the same family with the pre- ceding, born in Paris, April 22, 1767, died there, July 5, 1862. Before he became of age he was appointed councillor in the parliament of Paris. His father was beheaded during the revolution, and he himself was impris- oned. Under the empire he became succes- sively master of requests in the council of state, councillor, procureur general du sceau et des titres, and prefect of police. Charged by Na- poleon with neglect of duty at the time of the conspiracy of Malet in 1812, he was acquitted on trial, and kept in office until the first res- toration, when Louis XVIII. appointed him director general of roads and bridges. He stood aloof during the hundred days, and after the second restoration was keeper of the seals and temporary minister of the interior in the cabi- net of Talleyrand in 1815, minister of justice in that of Richelieu in 1817, and of foreign affairs in that of Decazes in 1819. He adhered to the revolution of July, 1830, and Louis Phi- lippe made him president of the chamber of peers, with the honorary title of chancellor of France. He had been made a baron by Na- poleon, became a count under the restoration, and finally in 1844 received the title of duke from Louis Philippe. Although he published nothing but a collection of discourses delivered in his capacity of minister or peer from 1814 to 1836 (4 vols. 8vo, 1842), he was in 1842 elected a member of the French academy. He left voluminous memoirs. His grandnephew and adopted son is the present duke Gaston d'Audiff ret-Pasquier, brother-in-law of Casimir Perier, an influential statesman, and in 1875 president of the national assembly.