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 PARISH raire de France. His son GASTON has pub- lished several works on the French grammar, and received the Gobert prize for his Histoire poetique de Charlemagne (1866). PARIS, John Ayrton, an English physician, born in Cambridge, Aug. 7, 1785, died in Lon- don, Dec. 24, 1856. He graduated M. D. at Oaius college, Cambridge, in 1808, and in the same year engaged in the practice of his pro- fession in London. Soon afterward he settled in Penzance, Cornwall, and while there found- ed the royal geological society of Cornwall. In 1817 he returned to London, and delivered lectures on the materia medica and the phi- losophy of medicine, the matter of which was reproduced in his " Pharmacologia " (8vo, 1819; 9th ed., rewritten, 1843). In 1844 he became president of the London college of physicians, which post he retained until his death. He published a memoir of Sir Hum- phry Davy (4to, 1810); a "Treatise on Diet" (8vo, 1826) ; " Philosophy in Sport made Sci- ence in Earnest;" and in conjunction with J. S. M. Fonblanque, "Medical Jurisprudence" (3 vols. 8vo, 1823). He invented the "tamp- ing bar," an iron implement coated with cop- per, which protected miners from the sparks evoked by the ordinary iron bar. PARIS, Louis Philippe d'Orleans, count de, a French prince, eldest son of the duke of Or- leans, and grandson of Louis Philippe, born in Paris, Aug. 24, 1838. He was educated under the direction of Regnier in Paris, and after the revolution of 1848 in Eisenach, and subse- quently in England. He travelled extensive- ly, and in 1860 visited the East together with his brother the duke de Chartres, who also accompanied him in 1861 to the United States. He served on the staff of Gen. McClellan from November, 1861, till after his retreat to the James river in the summer of 1862, when he returned to England chiefly because of the possibility of complications between the Uni- ted States and France in regard to Mexico, having received the warmest commendations for courage and military capacity. In 1864 he married his cousin, a daughter of the duke de Montpensier, who has borne him several children. In 1870-'71 the count and countess were very active in London and afterward in Paris for the relief of French soldiers during the war. A sum of 500 was sent from New York to the countess for this purpose, contrib- uted by persons who desired by this means to attest their regard for the count's services to the Union; and a considerable amount from other American contributors was placed at the count's disposal for distribution. At the close of the war with Germany he took up his residence in Paris. He visited the count de Chambord at Frohsdorf in 1873, and was re- ported to have relinquished his claims to the throne for the present in favor of the latter, on condition of being recognized as the sole heir after Chambord's death to the regal rights of both branches of the Bourbons. He has pub- lished Damas et le Liban (London, 1861) ; Les associations ouvrieres en Angleterre (in French and English, 1869) ; and Histoire de la guerre civile aux Etats-Unis (4 vols., Paris, 1874-'5; authorized English translation to be made by Louis F. Tasistro). PARIS, Matthew, See MATTHEW PAEIS. PARIS, Plaster of. See GYPSUM. PARISH (law Latin, parochia). In English ecclesiastical law, this word has always meant a certain extent of territory, or " circuit of ground," committed to the spiritual charge of one parson, or vicar, or other ecclesiastic. All England is divided into parishes, and they number about 1.0,000. Camden says parishes began in England about the year 630. Sir Henry Hobart refers them to the council of Lateran in 1179. Selden places their origin between these periods. It seems, however, that about 1,000 years ago, while every man' was bound to pay tithes to the church, he paid them to whatever ecclesiastical division of the church he preferred ; but a law of King Edgar, about 970, seems to confine the payment to the parish to which the man belonged, and so it has remained ever since. In the United States the word parish is of frequent use, but it does not mean precisely the same thing as in England, nor does it mean the same thing in all the states. The legal importance of parish- es in England depends upon the fact that the rector of each parish is entitled to the tithes of agricultural produce within it, except so far as some qualification of this rule has been made by comparatively recent statutes. In this country tithes were never paid, or rather no legal obligation to pay them ever existed. But from the first settlement of the country we have had everywhere associations and bod- ies corporate or organized for ecclesiastical purposes, and these have been generally called parishes. In New England they were origi- nally the same as towns ; that is, the persons composing a town, and acting as a town in civil and political matters, also acted as one body in religious or ecclesiastical matters ; and the parish had therefore the same territorial limits as the town. As the towns grew more populous, they were divided for ecclesiastical purposes into different parishes, which were still territorial and were contained within local limits. At length, as a diversity of religious sentiment became developed, all religious opin- ions standing on the same footing in law, parishes began to be formed of persons asso- ciated by similarity of religious sentiment and not mere nearness of residence, and therefore with little or no reference to their place of abode. These were called poll parishes, in distinction from territorial parishes. In Loui- siana, the word parish is used to designate what in the other states is called a county. PARISH, Elijah, an American author, born at Lebanon, Conn., Nov. 7, 1762, died at Byfield, Mass., Oct. 15, 1825. He graduated at Dart- mouth college in 1785, studied theology, and in