Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume XII.djvu/495

 NORDHOFF the S. extremity of the Hartz mountains ; pop. in 1871, 21,273. It consists of an old or upper town, a new or lower town, and several sub- urbs. The first is situated on a hill, and con- tains the town hall, the market, and the prin- cipal churches. There are seven Protestant churches and a Roman Catholic cathedral. In the church of St. Blasius are two famous paint- ings by Lucas Oranach. Nordhausen contains over 50 brandy distilleries and many breweries. The fattening of cattle is a prominent industry, and the town is the centre of the corn trade of the region. Near it are the castles of Hohen- stein and Ebersburg. The wife of the emperor Otho I. founded a monastery here in the 10th century. Several diets were held here in the llth and 12th centuries, and in the 13th Nord- hausen became an imperial city, belonging to the circle of Lower Saxony. In 1802 it was allotted to Prussia; in 1807 it formed part of the kingdom of Westphalia, but was restored to Prussia in 1813. NORDHOFF, Charles, an American author, born at Erwitte, Westphalia, Prussia, Aug. 31, 1830. In 1835 he came with his parents to the United States, and went to school in Cincinnati, where at the age of 13 he was apprenticed to a printer. In 1844 he went to Philadelphia, where, after working in a newspaper office, he shipped in the United States navy, and served three years, making a voyage around the world. He re- mained at sea in the merchant, whaling, and mackerel fishery service till 1853, when he again found employment in a Philadelphia newspaper office, and afterward in Indian- apolis. From 1857 to 1861 he was editorially employed by Harper and brothers in New York; from 1861 to 1871 he was on the staff of the New York " Evening Post." He visited California in 1871-% and again in 1872-'3, when he extended his travels to the Hawaiian islands. He has published " Man-of-War Life," "The Merchant Vessel," and "Whaling and Fishing" (Cincinnati, 1856) ; "Stories of the Island World" (New York, 1858) ; " Secession is Rebellion: the Union Indissoluble" (1860); " The Freedmen of South Carolina: some Ac- count of their Appearance, Character, Condi- tion, and Customs" (1863); "America for Free Working Men" (1865); "Cape Cod and All Along Shore : a Collection of Stories " (1868) ; " California for Health, Pleasure, and Residence" (1872); "Northern California, Oregon, and the Sandwich Islands" (1874); "Politics for Young Americans" (1875) ; and " The Communistic Societies of the United States "(1875). NORDLINGEN, a fortified town of Bavaria, in, the district of Swabia and Neuburg, 38 m. N. W. of Augsburg; pop. in 1871, 7,081. It is surrounded by walls with towers at intervals, contains a handsome Gothic church of the 16th century, a Latin school, an orphan asylum, and manufactories of linens, woollens, carpets, and leather. On Sept. 6, 1634, a Swedish army under Gen. Horn and Bernard of Weimar was NORFOLK 481 totally defeated here by the imperialists, com- manded by Ferdinand, the emperor's son, and the generals Gallas and Piccolomini. Horn was among the captives. In 1645 the impe- rialists were in their turn defeated here by the French under Turenne. In 1647 the town was bombarded and partly burned by the Bava- rians. Battles between the French and Aus- trians were also fought here in 1796 and 1800. Nordlingen was a free imperial city till 1802, when it was annexed to Bavaria. NORE. See THAMES. NORFOLK. I. An E. county of Massachusetts, having Massachusetts bay on the N. E. and Rhode Island on the S. W. ; area estimated at 450 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 89,444. It is watered by the Charles, Neponset, and other rivers. The surface is rough, and in some places hilly, and the soil is strong and rocky and highly culti- vated. Granite of an excellent quality is quar- ried at Quincy. It is traversed by several railroads terminating in Boston. The chief productions in 1870 were 6,717 bushels of wheat, 46,136 of Indian corn, 7,734 of oats, 6,728 of barley, 132,734 of potatoes, 24,920 tons of hay, and 170,295 Ibs. of butter. There were 2,070 horses, 5,289 milch cows, 2,303 other cattle, 508 sheep, and 3,233 swine. The number of manufacturing establishments was 658, with a capital of $9,548,750; annual pro- ducts, $25,836,394. The principal manufacto- ries were 14 of boot and shoe findings, 11 of packing boxes, 16 of carriages and wagons, 1 of chocolate, 1 of copper bolts and sheathing, 10 of cotton goods, 1 of fertilizers, 1 of flax and linen goods, 8 of furniture, 7 of hardware, 17 of hosiery, 4 of India-rubber and elastic goods, 4 of forged and rolled iron, 6 of cast- ings, 18 of leather, 7 of machinery, 9 of paper, 19 of saddlery and harness, 2 of sewing and twist silk, 14 of straw goods, 15 of tin, copper, and sheet-iron ware, 11 of woollen goods, 9 flour mills, and 9 saw mills. Capital, Dedham. II. A S. E. county of Virginia, bordering on North Carolina, having the mouth of James river or Hampton roads on the N. and Chesa- peake bay on the N. E. corner, and drained by Elizabeth and North rivers; area, about 500 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 46,702, of whom 22,320 were colored. It has a level surface, and com- prises a large portion of the Dismal swamp. The Atlantic, Mississippi, and Ohio railroad terminates at Norfolk ; and it is traversed by the Seaboard and Roanoke railroad and the. Dismal Swamp canal. The chief productions in 1870 were 348,821 bushels of Indian corn, 13,614 of peas and beans, 69,212 of Irish and 43,913 of sweet potatoes. There were 1,028 horses, 1,144 milch cows, 1,678 other cattle, 619 sheep, and 7,643 swine; 4 manufactories of carriages and wagons, 1 of railroad cars, 1 of iron castings, 4 of machinery, 8 of tin, cop- per, and sheet-iron ware, 3 flour mills, 4 saw mills, and 3 ship yards. Capital, Portsmouth. NORFOLK, a S. county of Ontario, Canada, on the N. shore of Lake Erie ; area, 635 sq.