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 MUMPS MUNCH 39 as during life ; the teeth, hair, and eyebrows are well preserved. Mummies of this kind are light, dry, and easily broken. Those filled with bitumen are black ; the skin hard and shining, as if varnished ; the features perfect ; and the whole corpse dry, heavy, and difficult to break. Of mummies preserved with natron and filled with asphaltum and resinous substances, the skin is hard and elastic, resembling parchment, and does not adhere to the bones ; the coun- tenance is little altered, but the hair falls off on being touched. The bodies Of the poor, which were salted and boiled in bitumen, are black, dry, heavy, and very hard to break, and neither the hair nor the eyebrows are pre- served. It has been estimated that more than 400,000,000 human mummies were made in Egypt from the beginning of the art of em- balming until its discontinuance in the 7th cen- tury. In addition to these, vast numbers of sacred animals, bulls, apes, cynocephali, dogs, cats, sheep, vultures, falcons, ibises, geese, liz- ards, serpents, crocodiles, and fi.sh were em- balmed. The principal places where mummies are found are the necropolis in the plain of Sakkarah, opposite the site of Memphis, and the necropolis of Thebes. Great numbers have been removed, and mummies of the best class are now scarce. Many are burned for fuel by the Arabs, and ship loads have been transported to England to be ground up for manure. MUMPS (cynanche parotidea, parotitis), a specific inflammation of the parotid and sub- maxillary glands. This curious affection, called by the Scotch branks, and by the French oreil- lons or ourles, has been known from the time of Hippocrates. It commences with a feeling of pain and tension beneath the ear, swelling takes place, and motion of the jaw is painful. The swelling soon involves the parotid and submaxillary glands ; it is somewhat pasty to the feel, and is unattended with redness of the skin. Sometimes one side only is affected, sometimes both at once, more commonly one after the other. The disease is attended with slight fever, but the pain is by no means pro- portioned to the swelling and the deformity. The duration of the complaint is from eight to ten days, it taking four days to attain its height, and four days being occupied by its decline. Occasionally in males the testes, and in females the breasts, become swollen and hard as the swelling of the salivary glands subsides; and very rarely, in the subsidence of the swelling, either of the parotid or of the testes, inflammation of the brain or its mem- branes has occurred. The disease is often epidemic, and is generally believed to be con- tagious. It ordinarily requires little treatment, the administration of a laxative and warm and emollient applications to the affected part be- ing all that is necessary. "When the brain is attacked, it must be treated irrespective of the original affection. MWTCH, Ernst Hermann Joseph voi, a German historian, born in Rheinfelden, Switzerland, Oct. 25, 1798, died there, June 9, 1841. He was for some time professor at Freiburg, and filled the chair of ecclesiastical history and law at Liege. He was also royal librarian at the Hague, and director of the private library of the king of. Wurtemberg. Among his principal works are Allgemeine GescMchte der neuesten Zeit (6 vols., Leipsic, 1833-'5), and his auto- biography, Erinnerungen und Studien aus den ersten 37 Jahren ernes deutschen Gelehrten (3 vols >v Carlsruhe, 1836-'8). MUNCH, Friedrich, a German author, born at Niedergemiinden, Hesse-Darmstadt, June 25, 1799. He is the son of a clergyman, studied theology at Giessen, and- succeeded his father as pastor of the village church. He founded in 1833, with Paul Follen, an emigration so- ciety at Giessen, and came with a number of emigrants to the United States, settling as a farmer in Missouri. He was active in promo- ting German immigration, and was a member of the Missouri senate from 1862 to 1866. He has published Ueber Religion und Christen- thum (1847), of which an English edition ap- peared in Boston ; Der Staat Missouri (New York, 1859; 2d ed., abridged, Bremen, 1866); Amerikanische Weiribauschule (3d ed., St. Louis, 1867) ; Die sinnliche und die geistige Lebensansiclit (Philadelphia, 1871); Geistes- lehre fur die heranreifende Jugend (St. Louis, 1872) ; and Das Lelen 'don Karl Follen (Neu- stadt-on-the-Haardt, 1872). MOTCH. I. Peder Andreas, a Norwegian histo- rian, born in Christiania, Dec. 15, 1810, died in Eome, May 25, 1863. He graduated in 1834 at the university of Christiania for the civil service, but devoted himself to philology and history, and became lecturer in 1837, professor in 1841, and historiographer of the king and archivist of Norway in 1861. His principal work is Det norske Folks Historie (9 vols., Christiania, 1852-'63), for the preparation of which he visited England, Scotland, and France. From 1858 to 1861 he was at work in the archives of the Vatican, and he returned to Rome shortly before his death. He also pub- lished grammars of the Runic, Old Norwegian, and Old Norse languages, and prepared several editions of Old Norse philological works. II. Andreas, a Norwegian poet, cousin of the pre- ceding, born Oct. 19, 1810. He was the son of the bishop of Christiansand, and studied jurisprudence at Christiania. He published a volume of poems in 1836 and a drama in 1837. From 1841 to 1846 he edited a journal, and from 1850 to 1860 was amanuensis in the uni- versity library. A stipend voted to him by the storthing in the latter year enabled him to devote himself to literature, and to publish collections of his poems. His Sorg og Tr&st (1852) has had several editions. Among his other works are Billeder fra 8yd og Nord, an account of a journey to Italy (1848), and the dramas Salomon de Caus (1854), En A/ten paa GisJce (1855), Lord William Eussel (1857), and Eertug Skule (1863).