Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume XII.djvu/365

 NEW YORK (STATE) 353 11-12 per cent., or 2-22 per annum; 1860 to 1865, 12-61 per cent., or 2-52 per annum ; 1865 to 1870, 13 per cent., or 2'6 per annum. Of the total population in 1870, 2,163,229 were males and 2,219,530 females ; 3,244,406 were native and 1,138,353 foreign born. Of the natives, 2,987,779 were born in the state, 38,851 in Connecticut, 5,985 in Maine, 41,355 in Massachusetts, 4,850 in Michigan, 9,211 in New Hampshire, 32,408 in New Jersey, 36,170 in Pennsylvania, 6,993 in Rhode Island, 36,307 in Vermont, and 7,070 in Virginia and West Virginia. Of the foreigners, 79,042 were born in British America, 110,071 in Eng- land, 528,806 in Ireland, 27,282 in Scotland, 7,857 in Wales, 22,302 in France, 316,902 in Germany, 6,426 in Holland, 5,522 in Swe- den, 4,061 in Poland, 3,592 in Italy, 818 in Spain, 1,824 in Cuba, and 7,916 in Switzer- land. The density of population was 93 '25 persons to a square mile. There were 898,772 families, with an average of 4-88 persons to Seal of the State of New York each, and 688,559 dwellings, with an average of 6 '37 to each, the latter average being larger in New York than in any other state. The number of persons from 5 to 18 years of age was 1,220,988; from 18 to 45, 881,500; male citizens 21 years old and upward, 981,587. There were 163,501 persons 10 years old and over who could not read, and 239,271 unable to write, of whom 70,702 were native and 168,569 foreign born. Of persons 21 years of age and upward, 73,208 white males and 116,744 white females, and 3,912 colored males and 4,874 colored females, were illiterate. The number of paupers supported during the year ending June 1, 1870, was 26,152, at a cost of $2,661,385 ; of the total number receiving sup- port at that date (14,100), 5,953 were native and 8,147 foreign born. During the year 5,473 persons were convicted of crime ; of the total number (4,704) in prison June 1, 1870, 2,658 were natives and 2,046 foreigners. The state contained 2,213 blind, 1,783 deaf and dumb, 6,353 insane, and 2,486 idiotic. Of the total population 10 years old and over (3,378,959), there were engaged in all occupations 1,491,- 018, of whom 1,233,979 were males and 257,- 039 females ; in agriculture, 374,323, of whom 134,562 were laborers arid 232,649 farmers and planters ; in professional and personal services, 405,339, including 5,678 clergymen, 155,150 domestic servants, 931 journalists, 139,309 la- borers not specified, 5,913 lawyers, 6,810 phy- sicians and surgeons, and 18,557 teachers not specified ; in trade and transportation, 234,581 ; and in manufactures and mechanical and mi- ning industries, 476,775, of whom 19,291 were blacksmiths, 24,309 boot and shoe makers, 53,046 carpenters and joiners, 11,413 machin- ists, 16,594 masons, 26,540 milliners and dress and mantua makers, 18,082 painters and var- nishers, 10,193 printers, 3,431 ship carpenters, 41,627 tailors, tailoresses, and seamstresses, 11,368 curriers, tanners, and finishers of leath- er, and 6,869 woollen mill operatives. The total number of deaths during the year was 69,095, being 1*58 per cent, of the entire population. Chief among the causes of mortality were con- sumption, from which 11,578 persons died, pneumonia, 5,262, and cholera infantum, 3,577; there were 6 deaths from all causes to 1 from consumption, and 13-1 to 1 from pneumonia. There were 1,134 deaths from croup, 1,073 from measles, 582 from smallpox, 864 from diphtheria, 3,403 from scarlet fever, 2,029 from enteric fever, 2,243 from diarrhoea, 1,068 from dysentery, and 1,330 from enteritis. Not included in the census are 5,140 Indians of the Six Nations in New York, on eight res- ervations, mainly in the extreme S. W. part of the state, of whom 3,060 were Senecas, and the others Saint Regis, Onondagas, Tuscaro- ras, Oneidas, and Cayugas. They have adopt- ed a civilized life, are intelligent and indus- trious, and are chiefly engaged in agricul- ture; 30 schools and an orphan asylum are maintained by the state for their benefit. The outlines of the state are very irregular, only about one third of the entire boundaries consisting of straight lines. The river, lake, and ocean boundaries are all navigable waters, except 17J m. on Poultney river, and consist of 352 m. on Lakes Erie, Ontario, and Cham- plain, 281 m. on the St. Lawrence, Poultney, Hudson, Kill van Kull, Delaware, and Niagara rivers, and 246 m. on Long Island sound and the Atlantic ocean ; total, 879. The land boun- daries along Canada, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, all made up of straight lines, form a total of 541-28 m. The principal islands belonging to the state are the following : in Niagara river, Grand, Squaw, Strawberry, Rattlesnake, Tona- wanda, Beaver, Buckhorn, Cayuga, and Goat ; in the St. Lawrence, Carlton, Grenadier, Fox, Wells, Grindstone, a large number of the Thou- sand islands, and Gallup; in Lake Chainplain, Valcour, Crab, and Schuyler; in New York bay, the Atlantic ocean, and Long Island sound, Manhattan, Staten, Long, Gardiner's, Shelter, Plum, Fisher's, all the islands between Long