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 NEWSPAPERS 341 journals in French and Italian. The earliest newspaper in Sweden was the Ordinarie Post- Tidning, established in 1643 ; but the journals had little political influence till 1820, when the Argus appeared at Stockholm. Since then the Faderneslandet and the Aftoribladet have been the principal journals of the capital, the for- mer conservative, the latter liberal. There is a newspaper published in every considerable town of the kingdom; the total number of periodicals published in 1867 was 179. The Christiania IntelligentesedUr, founded in 1763, is the oldest newspaper in Norway. The Con- stitutionelle at Bergen is the organ of the gov- ernment; and the Morgenblad, established at the same place in 1819, is the journal of the popular party. The oldest newspaper of Den- mark is the Berlingske Tidende, which was first published in 1749 in German, but now appears in Danish. Until 1830 Copenhagen had but two journals, and those of little in- fluence. In 1849 the number of political pa- pers in the kingdom was 36. The total num- ber of periodicals is now upward of 200. In China, a species of newspaper has existed at Peking for centuries under the title of King Chau, "Court Transcripts," which is common- ly called by Europeans the " Peking Gazette." It is compiled from the papers presented before the general council of the empire, and con- stitutes the principal medium available to the people for ascertaining what is going on in the country. Couriers are despatched to all parts of China bearing copies of these papers to the high provincial officers. Anybody is permit- ted to print these documents without note or change, and to sell them to the people. In the provinces thousands of persons find employ- ment in copying and abridging them. In 1827 an English weekly newspaper, the " Canton Register," was established at Canton ; and in 1836 a similar journal, the " Canton Press," made its appearance. At present the " North China Mail" and " Shanghai Herald'" at Shanghai, and the " China Mail " at Hong Kong, are the principal English newspapers in that quarter. In the island of Penang the " Prince of Wales Island Gazette " was found- ed in 1805, suspended for some years, and re- vived in 1833. At Singapore, the " Singapore Chronicle " was established in 1823 ; at the same place the " Straits Times " is now pub- lished. In India, " Hicking's Gazette " was established at Calcutta, in January, 1871 ; and in 1795 the Bengal Hurkuru made its appear- ance and still continues, the oldest of the Indian newspapers. It became a daily in April, 1819. Until 1835 the press in India was restrained either by a censorship or by the right as- sumed by the East India company of deport- ing to Europe obnoxious editors. (See BUCK- INGHAM, JAMES SILK, and DFANE, WILLIAM.) A law in 1835 removed all arbitrary restric- tions upon the press. On the outbreak of the sepoy mutiny in 1857, an act was passed pro- hibiting the use of the press except under a license; this act, however, was by its term limited to one year from date. The leading English journals now in existence in Hindostan are the " Friend of India" at Serampore, the "Gazette" and "Englishman" at Calcutta, the "Athenaeum" and "Spectator" at Madras, the "Herald" at Bangalore, the "Times," " Telegraph," and " Gazette" at Bombay, the " Gazette " at Delhi, the " Observer " at Poonah, and the " Chronicle " at Lahore. At Calcutta and at some other cities there are newspapers in the native languages. The first newspaper in Australia was the " Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser," founded in 1803 by George Howe. At present a great number exist in the various colonies, of which the principal dailies are: at Mel- bourne, the "Argus," the "Age," and the "Herald;" at Sydney, the "Herald" and the "Empire." In New Zealand the "Southern Cross," "New Zealand Gazette," and a num- ber of other papers are published. Several are published in Tasmania, at Hobart Town and Launceston, and also several in Cape Colony, the first of which was the "South African Commercial Advertiser," established in 1824. In the Hawaiian islands several newspapers are published in Hawaiian and English. The chief of the latter are the " Honolulu Gazette " and " Pacific Advertiser." In Japan there are several papers in English, the "Japan Herald" of Yokohama being the best known ; in the native language there is an official government gazette, and within a few years several politi- cal journals, modelled upon those of Europe, have been begun at Tokio (Yedo). Among the countries of South America, Brazil, with a total of about 60 dailies and a very large num- ber of weeklies and periodicals, has the most important press. The leading papers are of course published at Rio de Janeiro ; the num- ber of periodical publications of all kinds in that city is 58. The leading dailies are the Diario official and the Jornal do Rio. There are also four English and four French newspa- pers, and one German. An influential daily, the Diario de Bahia, is published at Bahia. The press of the Argentine Republic, having its chief activity in Buenos Ayres, ranks next to that of Brazil. " The Standard," published in English, is the leading daily ; others are the Tribuna, the National, and the usual Diario official. There are also papers in French, German, and Italian. Venezuela has several important dailies, chief among them the Fede- ralista and the Opinion national, published at Caracas. Peru has a very influential press, the Comercio and Heraldo of Lima having a wide circulation outside the country as well as in it. In all, Peru has nearly 40 journals. In Chili the Ferrocarril, Independiente, and Mercurio are the most important among the eight dailies of Santiago. Valparaiso has four dailies, of which the Mercurio, Patria, and " West Coast Mail " are important. The press of the United States of Colombia is unimportant ; the papers