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 NEWSPAPERS 339 present century the growth of the German press was very rapid, though for a time the French rule prevented the existence of any really national school of journalism, and politi- cal papers of consequence only appeared after 1813. Kotzebue's Russisch-deutsches Volksblatt (Berlin), Mebuhr's Der Preussische Correspon- dent, Brockhaus's Deutsche Blatter, Gorres's Der Rheinische Mercur, and Der Deutsche Beo- bachter of Hamburg were among the most influential journals of this period, though most of them were short-lived. Vienna had at this time the Austrian official organ, the Wiener Zeitung, and Der Oesterreichische Beolachter, which was regarded as semi-official. In Ber- lin, the Preussische Staatszeitung was founded about 1816. In 1819 a decree of the Bundestag placed the press throughout Germany under an exceedingly strict censorship, and thus its rapid increase was again suddenly checked. The French revolution of 1830 gave a fresh impetus to its progress, and called into exist- ence several radical journals, as Siebenpfeiffer's Westbote, Wirth's Deutsche Tribune, and Der Freisinnige by Rotteck and Welcker ; but most of them were suppressed in 1833. Among the ablest journals published between that period and the revolution of 1848 was the Rheinische Zeitung, established in Cologne in 1841, where it continued until 1850. The increase from 1840 to 1848 was steady and moderately rapid. Several noteworthy journals attained success during this period, the more important being the Leipziger Allgemeine Zeitung (begun in October, 1837), which in 1843 changed its name to that of Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung, and the Kolnische Zeitung. The Bremer Zeitung and Weserzeitung also gained their first importance at this time. The revolution of 1848 caused the birth of a great multitude of journals, most of them of the violent political order, and very lort-lived. In 1849 the total number of Ger- lan newspapers, excluding purely scientific ad literary journals, was 1,551. This includes the German papers of Austria, Switzerland, and the Baltic provinces of Russia. From that date the number steadily increased ; in 1855 it was estimated at 1,600, besides 860 scientific and literary journals; and in 1868 the number of journals of all kinds was 2,566, of which 761 were entirely political. The wars of 1866 and 1870-'71, the unification and rapid advance in power of the German empire, and other causes have contributed to foster the growth of the German press. Its gain in influence Europe has been accompanied by a cor- responding increase in ability, and it is now more prominent than ever as a political power. In March, 1872, the most trustworthy statistics obtainable gave the number of German jour- nals as follows (excluding all purely literary and scientific publications not properly included under the name of newspaper): in Prussia, 951; Bavaria, 250; Saxony, 119; Wurtem- berg, 102; Baden, 72; Hesse, 53; Mecklen- burg-Schwerin, 51 ; other states of the empire, 145 ; total, 1,743. The principal dailies in Ber- lin (1875) are the Vossische Zeitung, Vollcszei- tung, Staats'burgerzeitung, Nationalzeitung, Neue Preussische Zeitung (commonly known as the Kreuzzeitung), Nor ddeutsche Allgemeine Zeitung (semi-official), Post, and Zulcunft (democratic). The Borsenzeitung and Banlc- und Eandelszeitung are the principal financial journals. The Staatsanzeiger and (since 1871) the Reichsanzeiger are official, corresponding to the London "Gazette." The Intelligenz- llatt is an important local sheet, and is the favorite for advertisements. Kladderadatsch is a humorous weekly corresponding to the London "Punch," and there are great numbers of other weekly papers. In all, Berlin in 1871 published 175 newspapers, including weeklies and similar periodicals. Leading journals of the empire outside of Berlin are the very influ- ential Augsburger Allgemeine Zeitung, already mentioned, the Kolnische Zeitung, the Ham- burger Correspondent, the l)eutsche Allgemeine Zeitung of Leipsic, and the Stettiner Zeitung. The Austrian press is much inferior to that of the German empire, and has had its growth almost entirely in Vienna. In 1846 there were in the whole territory of Austria but 155 periodicals of all classes, and among them only 41 political journals, most of which were practically made up from the Wiener Zeitung, the official government organ. The revolution of 1848 called forth in Austria as elsewhere a multitude of political newspapers; but they were unimportant and short-lived. Only witj^- in the last decade has Austrian journalism at- tained a greater influence; and this is now almost entirely centred in the Vienna press. The chief journals of that city, besides the official Wiener Zeitung, are the Neue freie Presse (which in ability and influence rivals the foremost journals of the German empire), the Presse, and the Abendpost ; and there are several cheaper journals of wide circulation, such as the Morgenpost, Fremderiblatt, and Vorstadtzeitung. Outside of Vienna are the Bohemia at Prague, the Mdhrischer Correspon- dent at Brtinn, and the Triester Zeitung at Trieste. The first regular series of Hungarian newspapers was published in Latin in 1721, and the first in the vernacular tongue ap- peared in 1781 in Presburg. The principal Hungarian journals shortly before the revo- lution of 1848-'9 were the Jelenkor ("Pres- ent Age"), the organ of Count Szechenyi, Vildg ("Light"), Budapesti h'lradb ("Buda- Pesth Intelligencer," edited by Count Emil Dessewffy), Pesti hirlap ("Pesth Journal," edited by Kossuth), and the Pesther Zeitung, in German. Among the most celebrated jour- nals which sprang up during the revolution were the Kozlony ("Organ"), the revolution- ary Moniteur, and Kossuth hirlapja ("Kos- suth's Journal"), edited by Bajza. Among the principal newspapers which have appeared in Hungary since the revolution are the Buda- pesti naplo ("Buda-Pesth Diary"), edited by