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 NEWFOUNDLAND DOG permitted the French to catch and dry fish on the shores from Cape Bonavista N. around the N. point of the island, and thence S. to Point Eiche. The present limits of the French shore were defined by the treaty of 1783. In 1728 a governor was first appointed, but he was for a time almost powerless, being. opposed by the fishing admirals. For many years the only law was the proclamations of the governors. In 1750 a court of oyer and terininer was es- tablished. For some years prior to 1767 Oapt. Cook, the famous navigator, was engaged in surveying the coast. His charts are still in use, being among the best and in some cases the only trustworthy ones. Newfoundland suffered severely from the non-intercourse act passed by the first provincial congress and car- ried out in 1775. Dependent upon New Eng- land for supplies to the annual value of nearly 350,000, when these were suddenly cut off and the coast and harbors were ravaged by American privateers, the inhabitants were re- duced to the greatest distress before they could be relieved by the protective measures of the mother country. In 1792 the supreme court was established. In 1805 the first post office was established at St. John's, and in 1806 the first newspaper was published there. In 1832 a representative assembly was granted to the island. The present form of government was organized in 1855. In 1856 Newfoundland was connected by a telegraphic cable with the American continent, and in 1866 the first At- lantic cable furnishing permanent communica- tion with Europe was landed. The question of joining the Dominion of Canada as a prov- ince has several times come before the people at elections for members of assembly, but the proposition has been voted down. Labrador, with Anticosti and the Magdalen islands, was annexed to Newfoundland in 1763, but in 1774 they were placed under the government of Lower Canada. In 1809 Labrador and An- ticosti were reannexed to Newfoundland. In 1825 Anticosti, with the portion of Labrador "W. of Blanc Sablon bay, was again transferred to Lower Canada. Difficulties have at various times occurred between the French and the colonists regarding their respective rights on the French shore, which have retarded the de- velopment of that portion of the island, the French claiming the exclusive right of fishery and that the English have no right to form permanent settlements there. See "History of Newfoundland," by L. A. Anspach (Lon- don, 1819), and by the Rev. Charles Pedley (London, 1863). NEWFOUNDLAND DOG. See DOG, vol. vi., p. 180. NEW GRANADA. See COLOMBIA. ' NEW GUINEA. See PAPUA. NEW HAMPSHIRE, one of the thirteen origi- nal states of the American Union, bounded N. by the province of Quebec, Canada, E. by Maine and the Atlantic, S. by Massachusetts, and W. by Vermont, from which it is separated by the NEW HAMPSHIRE 291 west bank of Connecticut river. It is situated between lat. 42 40' and 45 18' N., and Ion 70 37' and 72 37' W. ; length from N. to S. about 180 m., extreme breadth 93 m., average breadth 50 m. ; area, according to the late state survey, 9,392 sq. m. The state is divided into 10 coun- Seal of the State of New Hampshire. ties, viz. : Belknap, Carroll, Cheshire, Coos, Grafton, Hillsborough, Merrimack, Rocking- ham, Strafford, and Sullivan. According to the census of 1870, the cities were: Concord, the capital, containing 12,241 inhabitants ; Do- ver, 9,294; Manchester, 23,536; Nashua, 10,- 543 ; and Portsmouth, 9,211. Among the more important towns are Claremont, 4,053 ; Exeter, 3,437; Farmington, 2,063; Franklin, 2,301; Gilford, 3,361 ; Hanover, the seat of Dart- mouth college, 2,085 ; Haverhill, 2,271 ; Keene (made a city in 1874), 5,971 ; Laconia, 2,309 ; Lancaster, 2,248; Lebanon, 3,094; Littleton, 2,446; Milford, 2,606; Newport, 2,163; Pem- broke, 2,518 ; Peterborough, 2,236 ; Rochester, 4,103; Somersworth, 4,504; Weare, 2,092; and Winchester, 2,097. The original population of New Hampshire was almost exclusively of English and Scotch descent, and the rural dis- tricts still remain without much intermixture. The population of the state and its rank in the Union, according to the national enumerations, have been as follows : YEARS. White. Colored. Total. Rank. 1790 141,097 788 141,885 10 1800 182,998 860 183,858 11 1810 1820 213,490 243 286 970 786 214,460 244,022 16 15 1880 1840 268,721 284,036 607 588 269,828 284,574 18 22 1850 I860 817,456 325,579 520 494 817,976. 826,073 22 27 1870 ...;.... 817,697 580 318,800 31 Of the total population in 1870, which included 23 Indians, 155,640 were males and 162,660 females; 288,689 were native born, of whom 242,374 were born in the state, 11,404 in Maine, 16,510 in Massachusetts, and 12,837 in Vermont; and 29,611 were of foreign birth,