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 NEUILLY adventures, but the above is most generally credited. He left a son who assumed the name of Col. Frederick, was in the service of the duke of Wurtemberg, published two historical works on Corsica, and shot himself in "West- minster abbey, Feb. 1, 1796. NEUILLY, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Seine, on the right bank of the river Seine, 1| m. N. "W. of the enceinte of Paris ; pop. in 1872, 16,277. The river is here crossed by a handsome bridge of five arches, each of 120 ft. span. The park, which extended for some distance along the Seine, was formerly a favorite resort of the Parisians, but has been cut up into villa sites. The principal object of interest is the ruined palace, once the property of the Orleans family, and the residence of Louis Philippe. It was destroyed by the pop- ulace, Feb. 25, 1848, with the exception of one wing. Louis Philippe adopted the title of count of Neuilly during his exile. Several encounters took place at Neuilly in 1871 be- tween the army of the commune and the Ver- sailles troops. NEUKOMM, SigismniKl, chevalier, a German composer, born in Salzburg, July 10, 1778, died in Paris, April 3, 1858. He was educated by his kinsmen Michael and Joseph Haydn, and became in 1804 leader of the orchestra of the German opera in St. Petersburg, but was soon obliged to resign on account of ill health. He returned to Vienna in 1808, and subsequently he lived in Paris, in the house of Talleyrand, whom he accompanied in 1814 to the congress of Vienna, In 1816 he went with the duke of Luxemburg to Rio de Janeiro, and became a teacher of music at the Brazilian court. In 1821 he returned to Talleyrand's house, and, after visiting Italy and other parts of the con- tinent, accompanied his patron in 1830 to Eng- land. Subsequently he again travelled exten- sively, and spent several years in Switzerland. During the latter part of his life he was par- tially blind, and resided alternately in London and Paris. His oratorio of "Mount Sinai," produced at Derby in 1831, and "David," at Birmingham in 1834, are popular. He also produced an immense number of cantatas, songs, psalms, voluntaries for the organ, symphonies, quartets, sonatas, &c., his compositions, vocal and instrumental, amounting to more than 800. NEUMANN, Karl Friedrich, a German orientalist, born of Jewish parents at Reichmannsdorf, near Bamberg, Dec. 22, 1798, died in Berlin, March 17, 1870. t He studied at Heidelberg, Munich, and Gottingen, and in 1822 was appointed pro- fessor of history at Spire, but was compelled on account of his liberal views to retire. He next devoted several years to oriental languages, particularly the Chinese and Armenian, and in 1829-'30 visited China to make a collection of works by native authors. He returned to Eu- rope with 10,000 volumes, besides about 2,500 for the royal library of Berlin. In 1831 he be- came professor at Munich, lecturing on the Armenian and Chinese languages, and on geog- KEURALGIA 257 raphy, ethnography, and history. He joined the liberals during the commotions of 1847-'8, and in 1852 was removed from his professor- ship. In 1863 he took up his residence in Ber- lin. He wrote in German, French, and Eng- lish, into which languages he made many trans- lations from the Armenian and Chinese, and edited Giitzlaff's Geschichte des chinesischen JSeichs. Among his works are : Memoirs sur la me et Us outrages de David, philosophe ar- menien (Paris, 1829); "History of Vartan by Elisaeus," and Vahram's "Chronicle of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia," from the Ar- menian (London, 1830); "Catechism of the Shamans," from the Chinese (1831) ; " History of the Chinese Pirates" (1831); Pilgerfahrten buddhistischer Priester aus China nach Indien (Leipsic, 1833); LeJirsaal des Mittelreichs (1836) ; Asiatische Studien (1837) ; Geschichte des englisch-chinesischen Kriegs (1846) ; Die Volker des sudlichen Russland (1847); Bei- trdge zur armenischen Literatur (1849) ; Ge- schichte des englischen Reichs in Asien (2 vols., 1857); and Geschichte der Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika (3 vols., 1863-'6). A translation of his " Hoei-Schein, or the Discovery of America by Buddhist Monks in the Fifth Cen- tury," was published in London in 1874. NEURALGIA (Gr. vevpov, nerve, and aAyof, pain), an affection of which pain is the essen- tial and characteristic feature, without visible alteration of the tissues or organs in which it is seated, and which depends on some disease affecting the structure or function of the nerves or of their centres. The varieties of neuralgia are very numerous. Some are distinguished according to the nerve affected; as neuralgia of the trifacial nerve, commonly called tic dou- loureux; sciatica, or neuralgia of the sciatic nerve; intercostal neuralgia, affecting the in- tercostal nerves, &c. Other varieties are de- scribed according to the locality which is the seat of pain ; as gastralgia, or pain in the region of the stomach ; nephralgia, or pain in the re- gion of the kidneys, &c. Other varieties again are indicated by the causes which produce them; as miasmatic neuralgia, the neuralgia caused by marsh miasm ; saturnine neuralgia, the neuralgia produced by the poison of lead, &c. The causes of neuralgia may be classified as constitutional and local. The principal con- stitutional causes are : 1, an impoverished con- dition of the blood, resulting either from haem- orrhage or the exhausting effects of disease, such as fevers, chlorosis, &c. ; 2, the miasm of palu- dal regions ; 3, the materies morbi of rheuma- tism ; 4, the virus of syphilis ; 5, the circulation in the blood of poisonous secretions, such as urea and bile ; 6, the poisonous effects of lead, and probably of some of the other metals ; 7, the functional derangement of the nervous sys- tem in the disease known as hysteria. The local causes are : 1, inflammation of the deli- cate fibrous sheath which envelopes the nerves, called the neurilemma ; 2, the development of tumors near the origin, or along the course, or