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 NAVARRETE 179 abundant supply of building timber. Wolves, wild boars, foxes, and wild cats are found in the mountains. The principal occupation of the people is pasturing sheep, goats, and cattle. Wool, grain, hides, salt, and wine are the chief exports, and silk and cotton fabrics and colo- nial produce the most important imports. The Navarrese are tall and well formed, and evince an independent spirit and great attachment to their religion and ancient privileges. The Cas- tilian language is generally used among them ; but the Basque is spoken in the N. W. and W. districts. The principal towns are Pamplona, the capital, Tudela, Estella, and Tafalla. This province, which is sometimes termed Upper Navarre, once formed a kingdom, in conjunc- tion with Lower Navarre, which is situated on the northern slope of the Pyrenees, within the limits of France. It was one of the first Chris- tian principalities founded after the conquest of Spain by the Arabs, and, although occasionally overrun by those invaders, was never subdued. It acknowledged for a while the supremacy of Charlemagne and his immediate successor, Louis le Debonnaire ; but about the middle of the 9th century it vindicated its independence, which was sanctioned in 887 by the diet of Trebur. At the beginning of the llth century, under Sancho III., surnamed the Great, its limits were considerably enlarged ; and it was for a while the most powerful among the Christian kingdoms of Spain. In 1234 it fell by inheri- tance to Thibault, count of Champagne, whose granddaughter Jeanne in 1284 married the fu- ture Philip the Fair of France; and on the accession of that prince to the throne in the following year, Navarre was united to France. This union lasted 43 years ; and on the acces- sion of Philip VI. of Valois, Navarre returned to its own sovereigns. Jeanne, the daugh- ter of Louis X. of France, the lawful heir- ess, brought the Navarrese crown to the house of vreux, from which, by intermarriage, it passed in- succession to the houses of Aragon in 1425, of Foix in 1479, and finally of Albret in 1494. The whole of Spanish Navarre was in 1512 seized by Ferdinand the Catholic, king of Aragon ; and henceforth the kingdom was limited to the small district known as French or Lower Navarre. By the marriage of Duke Antoine to Jeanne d' Albret Navarre was ac- quired by the house of Bourbon, and their son Henry of Navarre, in 1589, inherited the throne of France. His successors, until 1830, styled themselves kings of France and Navarre. Du- ring the Carlist struggles in 1834-'9 and in 1872-'5 the province was a principal seat of war, it being mainly occupied by the Carlists. Estella, their chief stronghold, was captured ly the Alfonsists in February, 1875. NAVARRETE, Domingo Fernandez, a Spanish missionary, born at Pefiafiel in 1610, died in Santo Domingo in December, 1689. He joined the Dominican order, and in 1647 was sent to the Philippine islands, and became professor of theology at Manila. Visiting China, he penetrated into the interior of the empire, and was for some years superior of his order there ; but during a persecution he was apprehended and sent to Canton, whence he escaped to Macao, took ship for Europe, and reached home in 1673. In the same year he went to Rome, and protested to the pope against the policy of the Jesuit missionaries in China, whom he accused of accommodating themselves to the ceremonies of the natives. In 1678 he was appointed archbishop of Santo Domingo. He published Tratados Mstoricos, poltticos, ethicos y religiosos de la monarquia de China (fol., Madrid, 1676). A second volume of this work was suppressed by the inquisition, and a third was written but never printed. NAVARRETE, Juan Fernandez, surnamed EL MUDO (the Mute), a Spanish artist, born in Logrofio in 1526, died about 1575. He became deaf and dumb in his infancy, studied paint- ing in the monastery of the Hieronymites at Estrella, and afterward in Italy, and was a pupil of Titian. He devoted himself to sa- cred subjects, and nearly all his works are in the Escurial. NAVARRETE, Martino Fernandez, a Spanish his- torian, born at Abalos, Old Castile, Nov. 9, 1765, died in Madrid, Oct. 8, 1844. He entered the navy in 1780, was present at the attack on Gibraltar in September, 1782, and afterward served against the Moors and Algerines. In 1789 he was commissioned by the Spanish gov- ernment to compile from the national archives a collection of documents on the history of Spanish maritime discovery. He returned to sea when war was declared with France, and remained afloat until he was appointed in 1797 to a post in the ministry of marine. On the French invasion in 1808 he retired to Seville. Returning to Madrid in 1814, he engaged in literary labors, proposed the new system of orthography adopted by the Spanish academy in its dictionary, and wrote a "Life of Cer- vantes" (Madrid, 1819). In 1823 he was made chief of the hydrographical department.' The first two volumes of the work to which he de- voted the best part of his life were published at Madrid in 1825, under the title of Coleccion de los majes y desculrimientos que Mcieron por mar los Espafloles desde fines del siglo XV. The third appeared in 1829, and the fourth and fifth in 1837. The sixth and seventh were left unfinished at the author's death. The first two volumes are devoted to the discoveries of Co- lumbus, concerning whom they brought to light from the national archives an immense wealth of information, consisting of letters, public doc- uments, (fee., which were the basis of Wash- ington Irving's "Life of Columbus." Navar- rete began in 1842, with two associates, a "Collection of Unpublished Documents for the History of Spain," of which five volumes appeared during his lifetime, and it was con- tinued after his death. He published a treatise on the Spanish discoveries on the Pacific coast of North America, prefixed to a narrative of