Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume XII.djvu/186

 178 NAVAJOS walls, which on May 27, 1850, were overthrown by a tornado. In 1850 Nauvoo was occupied by M. Oabet, a French communist, with a small body of followers, called Icarians ; he died in 1856, and his community was broken up in the following year. Two weekly newspapers (one German) are published. NAVAJOS, the most northerly band of the Apache Indians, inhabiting the table lands and mountains of a district on the San Juan and Little Colorado, called by the Spaniards Nava- joa, whence they were styled Apaches de Nava- joa. They call themselves Yutahenne. They are by far the most civilized tribe of the Atha- bascan stock, having evidently acquired many arts from the semi-civilized Indians of New Mexico. They cultivate the soil rudely but extensively, Col. Baker in 1859 estimating their farms at 20,000 acres ; and having at an early period obtained horses, cattle, sheep, and goats, they soon had large herds and flocks, and learn- ed to spin and weave cotton and wool. Their blankets are highly prized, bringing from $80 to $150. Their houses however are very rude, being merely conical structures of poles, cov- ered with branches. Like all the Apaches, they have warred on the Mexicans from an early period. When they came within the lim- its of the United States they occupied Sevol- leta and nine other fixed towns, all under one head chief. The Mexicans frequently attempt- ed to reduce them. Doniphan's expedition in 1846, Wilkes's in 1847, Newby's in 1848, and Washington's in 1849 were failures. Sumner in 1851 pushed into the heart of flieir country, and planted Fort Defiance at Canoncito Bonito, but was forced to retreat. A series of treaties were broken as soon as made ; and the Nava- jos kept on killing and plundering till Col. Car- son in 1863, in a winter campaign, conquered and compelled them to leave their country and remove to Bosque Redondo, on Pecos river, at a distance from their fastnesses. Here they were held as prisoners by government to the number of 7,000 for several years, at great expense. But they were constantly exposed to attacks from the Comanches and other hos- tile tribes; the site was unhealthy, the soil poor, and the water bad. On June 1, 1868, Gen. Sherman and Col. Tappan as commission- ers concluded a treaty, and the next month the Navajos were removed to Fort Wingate, and in 1869 to their old country around Fort De- fiance, 6,120 square miles being assigned as their reservation. One band, Sandoval's, has been friendly from the first. In 1872 the Navajos on the reservation numbered 9,114, with three outlying bands. They had 130,000 sheep and goats, 10,000 horses, and some cat- tle. They were peaceful and well disposed, and received $91,000 a year in annuities. In 1870 a Presbyterian mission and school were established, but the school soon ceased. The Navajos are distinguished by a full round eye. They dress decently, covering the whole body, in textures of their own weaving, generally of NAVARRE bright colors; and the warriors wear a hel- met-shaped deerskin cap with feathers. Their arms are bows, lances, and rawhide shields. NAVARINO, or Neocastro, a fortified town of the Morea, Greece, in the nomarchy of Messe- nia, at the S. extremity of the bay of Navarino, 5 m. N. of Modon (Methone), and 3 m. from Old Navarino, which stands on the N. coast of the bay, near the ruins of Messenian Py- los ; pop. about 2,000. It has a citadel, situ- ated on a high rock. The chief objects of in- terest are the remains of an old aqueduct, and some antique marble pillars adorning the front of a former mosque. The bay of Navarino is about 3 m. long and 2 m. wide, with from 12 to 26 fathoms of water. It is shut in by the island of Sphacteria or Sphagia, famous for the victory achieved there by the Athenian Cleon over the Spartans, 425 B. C. Here, on Oct. 20, 1827, the combined fleets of Great Britain, France, end Russia, under Codrington, Rigny, and Heiden, destroyed the Turkish- Egyptian fleet, which greatly promoted the success of the Greeks in their struggle for independence. NAVARRE (Span. Navarrd), a N. province of Spain, between Aragon, Old Castile, and Bis- cay, bounded N. by France and the Pyrenees, E. by the provinces of Huesca and Saragossa, S. by Saragossa and Logrofio, and W. by Alava and Guipuzcoa ; area, 4,045 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 318,687. The country generally is in- tersected by small mountain ranges project- ing southward from the Pyrenees; but near the banks of the Ebro, which forms a part of the southern frontier, there are wide and fertile plains. Besides that river, Navarre is watered by its affluent the Aragon, which, coming from the northeast, receives several smaller streams, running due S. from the mountains; in the southwest by the Ega, an- other affluent of the Ebro; .and toward the northwest by the Bidassoa, which falls into the bay of Biscay. While the mountainous region is mostly bleak, cold, and unsuitable for tillage, the valleys are fertile in wheat, maize, barley, and oats. Hemp, flax, oil, wine, and liquorice are also produced ; it is princi- pally a grazing and agricultural district, and manufactures are in a very backward state. The canal of Aragon, which connects Tudela and Saragossa, affords means of intercourse with the adjoining provinces on the east, and the province is also connected by railways W. and S. with the principal cities in Spain. It communicates with France by railway N. to Bayonne, and by roads through mountain passes or defiles, the most celebrated of which is that of Roncesvalles, where the army of Charle- magne was defeated. In the mountains, besides the Pyrenean limestone, jasper, slate, and mar- ble occur in large beds ; there are iron, copper, and lead mines, numerous thermal springs, salt springs, and mines of rock salt. The forest trees of the Pyrenees, chiefly consisting of pines, beeches, oaks, and chestnuts, furnish an