Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume XI.djvu/88

 80 MAMMALIA either bifid (as in the (rnirnlato the feet are either bihd ^ we camel), or multitid with digits adhering togeth- er (as in the elephant), with distinct depressed digits (as in apes), or compressed (as m car- nivora, insectivora, rodents, and edentates). Linnrous founded his primary divisions on the locomotive organs, deriving his orders from the modifications of the teeth ; in his earlier editions of the Systema Natural, up to the 10th, he called the class guadrupedia in- cluding the cetaceans among fishes ; in his UTCD edition (1766) he makes seven orders, as fol- lows: A. Unguiculata: I., primates, with four front cutting teeth, including man, the mon- keys, and bats (4 genera); II., bruta, with no front teeth in either jaw, including the ele- phant walrus, and edentates (6 genera) ; 111., fern, with front teeth, conical and long canines, including the carnivora, opossum, and msecti- vora (10 genera); IV., glires, with two front cutting teeth in each jaw, including the ro- dents (6 genera). B. Ungulata : V., pecora, with cutting front teeth in the lower jaw, but none in the upper, including the ruminants (6 genera) : VI., belluas, with obtuse front teeth /jaws, including the pachyderms gen- erally (4 genera). C. Mutica: VII., cete, with horny or bony teeth, pectoral fins instead of feet, and horizontal flattened tail, including the cetaceans (4 genera). He thus made 40 genera in all. Linnceus followed Ray in placing the elephant among the unguiculata, an error avoided by Aristotle. In 1798 Cuvier pub- lished his Tableau elementaire des animaux, in which he laid down the basis of his classi- fication, which was variously modified until the second edition of his Regne animal in 1829 ; in that work he makes the nine fol- lowing orders of mammalia: bimana, qua- drumana, carnivora, marsupialia, rodentia, edentata, pachydermata, ruminantia, and ce- tacea. In his first edition the marsupials were ranked among carnivora, and in the Tableau klementaire there were three grand divisions : I., unguiculata, with the orders bimana, qua- drumana, cheiroptera, plantigrada, carnivo- ra, pedimana, rodentia, edentata, and tardi- grada ; II., ungulata, with the orders pachy- dermata, ruminantia, and solipeda ; and III., mutica, with the orders amphibia and tetacea. The systems of Blumenbach, Illiger, and Desmarest differ little from that of Cuvier, ex- cept in the names of the orders and their sub- divisions. De Blainville (1822) makes in the type otteozoaria, or vertebrates, the sub-type ' ra and the class pilifera or mammifera, with the divisions monadelphya and didelphya Temminck (1827) makes the 11 orders of man monkeys, bats, carnivora, marsupials, rodents edentates, pachyderms, ruminants, cetaceans ami inimotiviiiMt.:. Fi-rluT, in his Synopsis Mammalium (1829), makes the nine orders of primates (man and monkeys), cheiroptera (bats),/rnta (edentates and monotremata), bellua (pachyderms and olipeds), pecora (ruminants), and cete (her- bivorous and ordinary cetaceans). McLeay 1821) the founder of the quinary classifica- ion makes five orders of mammals, which nay be arranged in a tabular form as follows : Ferae. . Primates. Glires. Ungulata. i. Cetacea. Character!. Carnivorous. Omnivorous. Frugivorous. - Frequenting the vicin- ity of water. Aquatic. Birdt. Raptores. Jnsessores. Rasores. Graliatores. Natatores. This shows the analogies between mammals and birds, in regard to food and habits, which were afterward modified by Swainson V 1835) as follows: I., typical group, quadru- mana, organized for grasping, analogous to nsessorial birds ; II., sub-typical, fern, with retractile claws and carnivorous, to the rap- tores; III., aberrant group, including cetacea, eminently aquatic, with very short feet, to natatores; glires, with lengthened and point- ed muzzle, to grallatores ; and ungulata, with crests on the head, to rasores. Oken in 1802 divided animals into five classes according to the organs of sense; this view is elaborated m his " Physiophilosophy " (Ray society edi- tion, 1847) ; of these five classes the fifth and lighest is the ophthalmozoa or mammalia, so called because in them the eyes are movable and covered with two perfect lids, the other sense organs having however suffered no deg- radation ; he also calls them thricozoa or pi- lose animals on account of their hairy cover- ing, and aesthetic or sensorial animals from the completion and combination of all the or- gans of sense. They belong to his province of sarcozoa or flesh animals. His divisions are as follows: A. Splanchno-thricozoa : or- der I., rodents; II., edentates and marsupials; III., insectivora and cheiroptera. B. Sarco- thricozoa: IV., ungulata. 0. JEsthesio -thri- cozoa : V., unguiculata. Every family of the thricozoa contains five genera, in accordance with the five organs of sense; the human family or genus has also five varieties on the same principle: 1, the skin man, the black African ; 2, the tongue man, the brown Aus- tralian and Malay; 3, the nose man, the red American ; 4, the ear man, the yellow Mongo- lian; and 5, the eye man, the white Euro- pean. Another philosophical system is that of Cams. The mammalia are made the sev- enth class of his third circle, the cephalozoa. He makes ten orders, as follows: 1, natantia, or herbivorous and carnivorous cetaceans, with evident relations with fishes ; 2, reptantia, or monotremata and edentates, related to rep- tiles; 3, volitantia, bats and flying lemurs, related to birds; 4, mergentia, seals and wal- rus, a repetition of the first ; 5, marsupialia, a repetition of the second ; 6, glires or rodents, a repetition of the third ; 7, pachydermata, a second repetition of the first; 8, ruminantia, a second repetition of the second, indicated by the fifth, which is half ruminant ; 9, fera,