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 MONTSERRAT changed to the royalist side, and was impris- oned in Edinburgh castle by the Covenant- ers. After his release he remained for some time on his estates. In the spring of 1643 he joined Queen Henrietta Maria in England, but could not induce her to authorize en- ?rgetic measures in Scotland, and returned borne. The Covenanters vainly endeavored to win him back, and in the summer he again served with the king's army. Early in 1644 he was created marquis of Montrose, and ap- ~ointed the king's lieutenant general in Scot- nd. Working on the hatred of many of the highland clans for the Campbells, he raised a force there, and was joined by some Irish in- fantry. He then commenced a series of bril- iant operations, but circumstances prevent- ed them from becoming useful to the king. On Sept. 1 he defeated the covenanting army ler Lord Elcho at Tippermuir, and took J erth. On the 12th he destroyed another ly in the battle of Aberdeen, and took that >wn. He ravaged Argyle's country, and de- jated the Campbells at Inverlochy, Feb. 2, L645. Receiving large accessions of force, he stormed Dundee, but abandoned it on the ap- proach of the enemy. On May 8 he encoun- tered Sir John Urrie at Auldearn, and won the nost brilliant of his victories. The victory )f Alford was won July 2, over Gen. Baillie ; whom he again met and conquered at Kil- syth, Aug. 15. But the highlanders formed an unstable force, and Montrose found himself Imost without men when he marched to the }rder. On the morning of Sept. 13 he was surprised at Philiphaugh by David Lesley, and lis army routed. In July, 1646, he capitulated o Middleton, and on Sept. 3 he sailed for the continent. He was made an Austrian larshal, and authorized to raise regiments for Charles I. After the death of that monarch, Charles II. renewed his commission. Having received some arms and subsidies from Den- mark, Sweden, Holstein, and Hamburg, he '"ided in the Orkneys early in 1650, and pro- led thence to Scotland at the head of an ill- lized force of 1,500 men, but was speed- defeated and made prisoner. Sentences excommunication and forfeiture had been upon him by the general assembly in 1644. He was executed with every species )f indignity. His head was placed on the Folbooth, and his limbs were sent to various ts of Scotland. After the restoration larles II. reversed the sentence of forfeiture, ind his remains were buried in state in St. iles's cathedral. See " Montrose and the )venanters," by Mark Napier (2 vols. 8vo, mdon, 1838), and Grant's "Memoirs of the rquis of Montrose " (Edinburgh, 1857). MONTSERRAT, or Monserrat, one of the small- of the British West India islands, belong- ig to the Leeward group, nearly equidistant, >r about 30 m., from the islands of Nevis, An- igua, and Guadeloupe ; lat. of the N". point, 16 50' K, Ion. 62 20' W. ; area, 47 sq. m. ; pop. MONTYON 797 in 1871, 8,693, of whom scarcely more than 150 were white. About two thirds of the island is mountainous and barren, but the remainder, at the base of the mountain slopes, is fruitful and well watered. The soil is of a light vol- canic description. The principal crop is sugar, the export of which in 1870 was 3,382,200 Ibs in 1871, 3,403,800 Ibs. ; and in 1872, 2,773,800 Ibs. The E. side of the island is mostly un- cultivated, covered with high mountains pro- ducing cedar and other useful and valuable trees; on the W. side the land slopes toward the sea. The climate is healthy. In 1872 the value of the imports from the United King- dom was 27,677, and of the exports to it 29,736. The trade is mainly with other British West India islands. The chief town is Plymouth, on the S. W. coast ; it is small, but neat, and the houses are well built of fine gray stone. The government is administered by a president, under the governor-in-chief of the Leeward group, assisted by an executive coun- cil and a representative assembly. This island was discovered by Columbus in 1493. In 1632 a party of Irish Roman Catholics from a neigh- boring island settled on it ; and after a French invasion in 1664 it was restored to Britain by the treaty of Breda on July 20, 1667. It was again seized by the French in 1782, and finally made over to England by the treaty of Ver- sailles, Sept. 3, 1783. On March 30, 1872, Montserrat, Antigua, St. Christopher, Nevis, the Virgin Islands, and Dominica were consti- tuted a single colony under one governor-in- chief. Previously the island had a separate government, consisting of a lieutenant gover- nor or president, and a single chamber styled the legislative council. MONTSERRAT, a mountain of Spain. See MONSERRAT. MONTCCLA, Jean Etienne, a French mathema- tician, born in Lyons, Sept. 5, 1725, died in Versailles, Dec. 18, 1799. After studying at the Jesuits' college of Lyons and the law school of Toulouse, he went to Paris, where he be- came connected with the Gazette de France. In 1761 he was appointed intendant-secretary at Grenoble, and in 1764 he accompanied the chevalier Turgot as first secretary and astron- omer of his colonizing expedition to Cayenne. On returning to France, he became com- missioner of the royal buildings, and after- ward royal censor. The former office he held for 25 years, till the revolution deprived him of it. He received a pension of 2,400 francs only a few months before his death. He was a member of the institute from its foundation, and in 1755 became a member of the academy of Berlin. He published anonymously Histoire des recherches sur la quadrature du cercle (1754; new ed., 1831), and was the author of numerous other works, the principal of which was Histoire des mathematiques (2 vols., Paris, 1758 ; completed by Lalande, 1802). MONTTON, or Monthyon, Antoine Jean Bapfiste Robert Anget, baron de, a French philanthropist,