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 MONTPELLIER MONTPENSIER 793 MOJTTPELLIER, a city of Languedoc, France, capital of the department of Herault, near the Lez, 27 m. S. W. of Nimes, 17 m. N. E. of Cette, its port, and 76 m. W. N. W. of Mar- seilles; pop. in 1872, 57,727. It was once a place of military strength, but of its fortifica- tions only the citadel remains. The town rises in the form of an amphitheatre along a slope, the summit of which, 168 ft. above the sea, is occupied by the place du Peyrou, a celebrated promenade. At the end of the promenade rises the chateau d'eau^ which receives and distributes through the town the water con- veyed from the opposite hill by an aqueduct of 53 large arches surmounted by 183 smaller ones, and 2,893 ft. long. The modernized cathedral contains an altarpiece, the "Fall of Simon Magus," by S6bastien Bourdon, a na- tive of Montpellier. The medical school, for- merly the bishop's palace, contains a library of 50,000 volumes, and portraits of the pro- fessors since 1289. The Mus6e Fabre, named after its founder, a Montpellier artist, contains a collection of paintings, the library of Alfieri, of 15,000 volumes, and some important manu- scripts connected with the Stuarts, which be- longed to Prince Charles Edward. The bo- tanic garden, the first established in France, dates from the reign of Henry IV. In place of the former university, founded in 1176, and the medical school of which was celebrated, there are now three faculties, of medicine, sciences, and literature. There is also a high school of pharmacy, a lyceum, an episcopal seminary, a normal school, and several other special schools. Montpellier has manufactures of woollens, printed cottons, linens, silks, leather, straw goods, wax, and brandy ; and it is particularly celebrated for its verdigris, made by oxidizing copper plates between lay- ers of grape husks. There are also extensive manufactories of alum, Prussian blue, and sul- phuric and nitric acid. It is the seat of a Catholic bishop, and of a Reformed consistory. The place is celebrated for the brightness of its atmosphere, and has been much frequented by invalids, but its salubrity is questioned. In the 10th century Montpellier was a village N". of Maguelonne. Increasing as Maguelonne declined, it became a seigniory, which passed in 1204 to the kings of Aragon, and in 1276 became part of the kingdom of Majorca. In 1349 it was ceded to France. Charles V. ceded it in 1365 to Charles the Bad of Navarre, but it returned to the crown under Charles VI. The episcopal see was transferred to Montpel- lier from Maguelonne about 1538. It suffered much during the religious wars, and was be- sieged and taken by Louis XIII. in 1622. The edict of Montpellier of Oct. 20, 1622, granted to the Calvinists freedom of worship, but for- bade assemblies except of their synods and con- sistories, and granted them freedom from mo- lestation only in La Rochelle and Montauban. MONTPENSIER, Anne Marie Louise d'Orleans, duchess of, known as Mademoiselle, a French princess, born in Paris, May 29, 1627, "died there, March 5, 1693. She was the daughter of Gaston, duke of Orleans, brother of Louis XIII. ; and being one of the richest heiresses in the world, her whole youth was passed in negotiations of marriage, which were defeated, as she declared, by the intrigues of Cardinal Mazarin. During the wars of the Fronde (1649-'52) she sided with the Frondeurs, and compensated by her boldness and capacity for ' the weakness and indecision of her father. In 1652 she volunteered to command the expe- dition sent to Orleans, forced her way into the city by one gate while the royalists were vain- ly seeking admission at another, and secured the adhesion of the authorities to the cause which she favored. Returning to Paris in time to assist Conde at the battle of the Porte St. Antoine, July 2, she caused the guns of the Bastile to be fired upon the royal troops, though she still did not despair of becoming the wife of the young Louis XIV. Banished after the reestablishment of Louis's authority in Paris, she employed her exile in the compo- sition of her Memoires, which were resumed in 1677, and continued till 1688. She finally returned to Paris in 1660, and lived in com- parative retirement till 1669, when she fell in love with Lauzun, a poor Gascon noble six years younger than herself. The king gave his consent to the marriage, but was induced to revoke it and to commit Lauzun to the Bastile, where he was confined for ten years. It is said that a secret marriage had already taken place. Mademoiselle finally obtained his release by giving up two of her largest estates to the duke of Maine, the king's nat- ural son by Mme. de Montespan, but Lauzun proved ungrateful and brutal. She forbade him her presence, and passed the rest of her life in devotional exercises. In the library of Paris are two manuscripts of her Hemoires, of which one is probably an autograph. The work was published at Amsterdam in 1746, in 8 vols. The edition by Cheruel (Paris, 1858) contains a collection of letters and vari- ous writings from her pen, including the ^Re- lation de Vile imaginaire, and the Histoire de la princesse de PapTilagonie. MONTPENSIER, Antoine Marie Philippe Louis d'Orleans, duke de, a French prince, youngest son of Louis Philippe, born at Neuilly, July 31, 1824. He was educated at the college Henri IV., became a lieutenant in the army in 1842, and fought in Algeria, where he was slightly wounded, in 1844. On Oct. 10, 1846, he married the sister of Isabella II. of Spain, an alliance which gave rise to serious compli- cations, owing to the belief that it was intended by Louis Philippe to raise his son to the Span- ish throne in view of the anticipated childless- ness of Isabella, whose marriage with her cousin Francisco d'Assis was at the same time planned by the French king. He shared his father's exile in England in 1848, and subsequently- resided at Seville. The titles of infante and