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 MOHILEV MOHLER 701 the Dutch amicably, and gave them lands on which they erected Fort Orange (Albany). They were then at war with the Mohawks, and erected a fort opposite the Dutch. The commandant of Fort Orange, Krieckebeck, ac- companied them on an expedition against the Mohawks, but was defeated and killed. In 1628 the Mohegans, attacked by the Mohawks, fled to the Connecticut river. A part of the nation had gone eastward some years before and settled on the Thames, where they were generally known as Pequots, of whom Sassacus was chief; but some of them who seceded un- der Uncas were called Mohegans. In the war of the English against the Pequots, these Mo- hegans aided the colonists. The Mohegans of the Hudson, or River Indians, gradually re- turned to that river. They kept up an oc- casional intercourse with the French from an early period through the Algonquin tribes in Canada, and are known in French annals as Loups or Wolves, that being the meaning of Mohegan. When the English about 1690 be- gan the great struggle against the French, the Mohegans as a body made peace with the Mohawks, and joined the English with war parties. By 1700 they were reduced to 200 warriors, and the Connecticut Mohegans to 150, 100 of whom were in the service of the colony. In 1736 Sargeant collected some of the latter at Stockbridge, and from 1740 to 1744 the Moravians maintained a Mohegan mission at Shekomeko, in Dutchess co., N. Y., which led some of the Mohegans to remove to the Susquehanna, where they became a distinct element in the Moravian towns. During the revolution the Mohegans joined the Americans, and figured at Bunker Hill, White Plains, and Barren Hill. After the war Samson Occum, an educated Mohegan clergyman, and David Fowler gathered several Indians, chiefly Mo- hegan and Long Island Indians, who emigrated to Oneida in 1788, and became known as the Brotherton Indians. Those who remained in Connecticut had dwindled in 1842 to 60 or 70. Between 1820 and 1830 the Stockbridge In- dians emigrated from Oneida to Green bay ; the Brotherton Indians also removed to Wis- consin, where they finally abandoned their tribal relation, and in 1839 became citizens, as did many of the Stockbridges. The remainder of the latter band of Mohegans are with some Munsees on a reservation at Red Springs, num- bering about 100. They have almost entirely given up their own language for English. For their language see " Observations on the Lan- guage of the Muhhekaneew Indians," by Jon- athan Edwards (New Haven, 1788). MOHILEV, or Moghilev. I. A W. government of European Russia, bordering on Vitebsk, Smolensk, Orel, Tchernigov, and Minsk ; area, 18,545 sq. m. ; pop. in 1867, 908,858. The surface is generally level and the soil fertile. The climate is mild and dry. There are sev- eral small lakes and marshes. The principal river is the Dnieper. Bog iron is found in abundance. II. A city, capital of the govern- ment, on the right bank of the Dnieper, 312 m. W. S. W. of Moscow; pop. in 1867, 38,922, including many Jews. It is the seat of a Greek archbishop, and of the Roman Catholic archbishop and primate of Russia and Poland, has 4 convents, about 30 churches and 20 syna- gogues, a gymnasium, a Greek and a Roman Catholic theological seminary, and many man- ufactories. It is a favorite residence of the Russian nobility. It was taken by Charles XII. in 1708, and recovered by Peter the Great in 1709. A portion of the Russian army was defeated there by the French, July 23, 1812. MOIIL. ! Hugo von, a German botanist, born in Stuttgart, April 8, 1805, died in Tubingen, April 1, 1872. He studied medicine and the natural sciences at the university of Tubingen, and in 1835 became professor of botany and director of the botanic garden. The establish- ment in 1863 of a special faculty for natural sciences was entirely due to his influence. He published many works, and is one of the high- est authorities on vegetable physiology. II. Robert, brother of the preceding, born in Stutt* gart, Aug. 17, 1799, professor of jurisprudence at Tubingen and Heidelberg, and prominent as a legislator and diplomatist of Baden, has pub- lished, among other works, Lie Polizeiwissen- schaft nach den grundsdtzen des Rechtsstaats (3 vols., Tubingen, 1832-'4; 3d ed., 1866); Lie Geschichte und Literatur der Staatswissen- scha/t (3 vols., Erlangen, 1855-'8) ; and Staats- recht, Vdlkerrecht und Politik (3 vols., 1860- '69). III. Jnlins, brother of the preceding, born in Stuttgart, Oct. 28, 1800, was extraordinary professor of oriental literature in Tubingen from 1826 to 1832, when he went to Paris, in 1845 became professor of Persian in the col- lege de France, and in 1852 director of the oriental department of the national printing office. He has edited Firdusi's Shah Nameh (5 vols., Paris, 1838-'66), and many Chinese and other oriental works, and written Dante et les origines de la litterature italienne, &c. MOHLER, Johann Adam, a German theologian, born at Igersheim, Wurtemberg, May 6, 1796, died in Munich, April 12, 1838. He studied at Mergentheim, Ellwangen, and Tubingen, was ordained priest of the Roman Catholic church in 1819, and in 1820 became tutor in the seminary of theology at Tubingen, and in 1822 private lecturer on theology. Before entering on his new office he visited the prin- cipal Catholic and Protestant universities of Germany. On his return he began in 1823 a course of lectures on church history, patrology, and canon law, which at once established his reputation. He strongly sympathized with the reformatory movement then agitating the Catholic church of S. W. Germany ; he advo- cated the restoration of communion in both kinds, the abrogation of the use of Latin in the divine service, &c. ; but in later years he abandoned these views, and the articles ex- pressing them are not included in the collec-