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 MOGHILEY MOHAMMED 693 mosques are fine. The chief exports are wool, gum, wax, hides, almonds, honey, ostrich feath- ers, ivory, and gold dust. The harbor is form- ed by an island S. of the town, and is the best on the W. coast of Morocco. Mogadore was founded in 1760 by the emperor Sidi Moham- med, on the site of an old Portuguese fort. It was bombarded by the French under the prince de Joinville, Aug. 15, 1844. It suffered also during the war with Spain (1859-'60). MOGHILEV, or Mogilev. See MOHILEV. MOGILA, or Mogilas, Peter, a Russian author, born in Moldavia about 1597, died Dec. 31, 1646. He studied at several of the European high schools, but stayed longest at the univer- sity of Paris. He served in the Polish army with distinction, and in 1625 entered a monas- tery at Kiev. In 1629 he became archiman- drite, and in 1633 metropolitan of Kiev, Gali- cia, and Little Russia. He was the first to in- troduce in the study of theology at Kiev the developments which it had acquired in the Eu- ropean universities. He improved the courses of study in every particular, obtained permis- sion to erect a printing press, invited many learned men to the academy, settled upon them sources of revenue which had formerly gone to the metropolitan, and gave them his own valuable collection of books. To confirm the views and feelings of the oriental church in opposition to the encroachments of Roman and Protestant elements, Mogila wrote a " Confes- sion of Faith," which was examined and ap- proved by two councils, and, being indorsed by the four oecumenical patriarchs, and by the Russian patriarchs Joachim and Adrian, be- came the first symbolic book of the eastern church, and has continued to be the standard book in theology. Mogila published also a u Catechism" (Kiev, 1645), and some pam- phlets. Many of his dramas were acted by his pupils at Kiev, and that on the nativity of Christ was for a long time very popular. MOGULS, a corruption of the term Mongols, used in Hindostan to designate the Tartars who repeatedly invaded that country in the middle ages, and who made themselves masters of Delhi in 1526, and placed their leader Baber, a descendant of Tamerlane, on the throne. His successors are known as the Mogul emperors, of whom the most eminent were Akbar (1556- 1605), Jehangheer (1605-'27), and Aurungzebe (1658-1707). During these reigns the Mogul empire comprised nearly the whole of Hindo- stan, and in Europe the emperor was called the Great Mogul. His authority gradually dwin- dled till it became merely nominal ; the Eng- lish supremacy was formally established in 1803, and in 1827 the Great Mogul became a titled pensioner of the British crown. The last of the Mogul dynasty, Mohammed Baha- door, being implicated in the sepoy mutiny, was deprived of his title and transported in December, 1858. MOHleS, a town of S. Hungary, in the coun- ty of Baranya, on the W. arm of the Danube* 110 m. S. by W. of Pesth ; pop. in 1870, 12,140. It is an episcopal see, and contains the bishop's palace, a Roman Catholic, a Greek, and a Prot- estant church, a monastery, an ancient castle, a gymnasium, and the county buildings. It is a station of the Danube steamers, and the depot of considerable commerce in coal, wood, wine, and agricultural produce, most of which goes to Vienna. Five annual fairs are held here, the principal one being a cattle fair. A great battle was fought here, Aug. 29, 1526, between an army of 200,000 Turks under Soly- man the Magnificent and one of 30,000 under the Hungarian king Louis II., which resulted in the defeat of the latter, 22,000 of whom, including seven prelates and 28 chief magnates, were slain, and the king perished on the re- treat. A second battle of Mohacs, Aug. 12, 1687, resulted in an almost equally decisive de- feat of the Turks by the Austro-Hungarian army under Charles of Lorraine; the Turks lost 20,000 men, the Christians 600. MOHAMMED, or Mahomet (Arab., the Praised, or, according to E. Deutsch and Sprenger, the Desired or Promised, in allusion to Haggai ii. 7), the founder of the Mussulman religion, born in Mecca, according to some, Nov. 10, 570, according to others April 20, 571, died in Medina, June 8, 632. His Mohammedan biographers say that his birth was accompa- nied by miracles ; the sacred fires of the Par- sees were extinguished, the palace of the Per- sian king was shaken by an earthquake, the lake Sawa dried up, and many other prodigies took place. His family (Hashem) belonged to the distinguished tribe of Koreish, were hered- itary guardians of the Caaba, and were said to be directly descended from Abraham by his son Ishmael; nevertheless his parents were poor. His father Abdallah, a merchant, died two months after his birth. The orphan was confided for a little more than two years to the care of a Bedouin nurse, Halima, who returned him to his mother in consequence of spasmodic fits which she attributed to evil spirits. At the age of six years he lost his mother, and was carried by a female slave to his grandfather Abd-el-Mottalib. Two years later he lost also his grandfather, and was then adopted by his uncle Abu Taleb, who held the key of the Caa- ba. With him young Mohammed (in his 9th or 12th year) made journeys through Syria and other countries, and became acquainted with a Christian (probably Nestorian) t monk, called by some Bahira, by others Serjis, who predicted his future greatness. Another un- cle, Zobair, he accompanied on a mercantile trip to southern Arabia, and four years after- ward was with him in a campaign against the Beni Kinana. In his 25th year he was a shepherd near Mecca, and then joined for a short time the business of a linen trader named Saib, commerce being at that time almost the sole occupation of the higher classes in Mec- ca. At Hajasha, a market six days' journey S. of Mecca, Mohammed, compelled by poverty,