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 50 MALACOLOGY a thorough renovation of the Irish church, and received full power as legate a latere. After his return he visited every part of the island, and in 1 14* lu-1.1 :i national council at Inis Padrig or Patrick's Holme; disciplinary decrees were enacted, and a petition was drawn up for the establishment of two metropolitan sees. Avitn these Malachy started for France, hoping to meet Pope Eugenius III. at Clairvaux ; but he arrived there after the pope's departure, fell ill of a fever, and died in the arms of St. Ber- -.vho pronounced a panegyric at his fu- neral, and wrote his life (translated by Mattel). He was canonized by Clement III. in 1190, and his feast is celebrated on Nov. 3. A " Prophecy concerning the Lives of the future Roman Pon- tiffs " beginning with Celestine II., elected in 1143, popularly attributed to St. Malachy, is now considered to have originated in the con- clave of 1590. It was first published in 1595 by the Benedictine Arnould de Wyon, and is to be found in Moreri's Dictionnaire historique. MALACOLOGY (Gr. //aAa<5f, soft, and Myog, discourse), that department of zoology which treats of the mollusca, some of which were termed even by Aristotle malakia (soft ani- mals), including the examination both of the external shells and the internal organs. In the article CONOHOLOOY the outer shells of mollusks have been sufficiently described, and their in- ternal organization and habits will be noticed under MOLLUSCA ; it only remains here to enu- merate briefly some of the principal systems of classification. Linnaeus (1766) placed mollusks in his 6th and lowest class of vermes, with worms and zoophytes. As early as 1812 Ouvier had given to the world his views on the classi- fication of animals, founded principally upon his researches in comparative anatomy; he makes the mollusca his second branch, with the classes: 1, cephalopoda (like cuttle fishes); 2, pteropoda (like elio or whale bait) ; 3, gasteropoda, with orders pulmonata (slugs and snails), nudibranchia (naked marine genera without shells, like doris), inferobranchia (phyllidia), tectibranchia (bulla and aplysid), heteropoda (carinaria), pectinibranchia (most of the marine univalves, turbo, trochus, &c.), tubulibranchia (like siliquaria}, scutibranchia (haliotis, &c.), and cyclobranchia (patella and chiton) ; 4, acephala, with orders testacea (oys- i-ii. ami most bivalve shells) and tunicata (ascidians); 6, brachiopoda, like terebratula, .-. aii-l finyula; and 6, cirrhopoda (like barnacles), now placed among articulata in !a erustacea. Lamarck (1815-'22) ar- ranged the mollusks in two classes: one his llth, conchifera or bivalves, with the orders ilimiinrM (having two separated muscular im- pressions on the inside of the shells) and monomyaria (with a nearly central single im- pression); tin? otlu-r his 12th class, mollusca, with th- orders pteropoda, gasteropoda, trache- < hflii, &c.), cephalopoda, and heteropoda trio); he placed the ascidians in his 4th class, tunicata, among his apathetic animals; he made of the cirripeds his 10th class, with the orders sessilia and pedunculata, ranking them and the next two classes among sensitive animals. Ehrenberg (1836), in his division of ganglioneura (with ganglionic nervous sys- tem), and subdivision sphygmozoa (with a heart and pulsating vessels), makes his 4th section of mollusca, characterized by absence of artic- ulations to the body and by the irregular dis- persion of the nervous ganglia ; he gives the classes cephalopoda, pteropoda, gasteropoda, acephala, brachiopoda, tunicata (simple ascid- ians), and aggregata (compound ascidians) ; the cirripeds he places among crustaceans. Owen (1843-'58), in his "Lectures on Comparative Anatomy," and article " Mollusca " in the " En- cyclopedia Britannica" (8th edition), divides the province mollusca or heterogangliata into two sections, acephala and encephala, accord- ing to the absence or presence of a head and its accompanying parts. I. Acephala, with the classes: 1, tunicata; 2, brachiopoda; 3, lamellibranchiata, with the groups monomy- aria and dimyaria, with one or two adductor muscles. II. Encephala, with the classes : 4, pteropoda ; 5, gasteropoda, with the divisions monacia and dicecia ; and 6, cephalopoda, with orders tetrabranchiata and dibranchiata. The cirripeds he places among articulates, though in a class distinct from crustaceans, and he, with his predecessors, retains the bryozoa among radiates. Siebold (1848) makes three classes as follows : 1, acephala, with orders tunicata, Irachiopoda, and lamellibranchia (with suborders monomya, dimya, and in- clusa) ; 2, cephalophora, with orders ptero- poda, heteropoda, and gasteropoda (with sub- orders apneusta, heterobranchia, tubicolce, pec- tinibranchia, and pulmonata); and 3, cephalo- poda, without orders, but with families nautili- na, octopoda, and loligina. (See Burnett's trans- lation, Boston, 1854.) Leuckart (1848) divides mollusca into four classes: 1, tunicata, with orders ascidice and salpce (he is inclined to make these not simply a class, but a type in- termediate between echinoderms and worms) ; 2, acephala, with orders lamellibranchiata and brachiopoda; 3, gasteropoda, with orders heterobranchia, dermatobranchia, heteropoda, ctenobranchia, pulmonata, and cyclobranchia; and 4, cephalopoda. Before giving the classi- fications of Milne-Edwards and Agassiz, which seem to be the truest to nature, it will be in- structive to glance at a few physio-philosophi- cal and embryological systems as compared with the preceding founded upon anatomical structure. Oken (1809-'43) places the mol- lusca in his province of dermatozoa (sensitive or tegumentary animals) or splanchnozoa (visce- ral or fleshless animals), and in the circle of vascular, sexual animals, equivalent to mala- cozoa and conchozoa (glandular or shell ani- mals) ; according to the anatomical system, the' vascular animals are either venous (like mus- sels), arterial (like snails), or cardiac (like kraken or cuttle fishes) ; according to the de-