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 MIGNET MIGUEL 529 to continue it, and as he did not comply with- drew his sacerdotal faculties. Migne had also founded the daily independent journal La Ve- rite, which ceased in 1856, and reappeared as a weekly ecclesiastical record in 1861. In 1868 his immense establishment was burned. MIGNET, Francois Angnste Marie, a French his- torian, born in Aix, May 8, 1796. He was educated at Avignon, and in 1818 was called to the bar. In 1820 he obtained a prize offer- ed by the academy of Nimes for an essay on Charles VII. The acquisition in 1821 of a more important prize proposed by the acade- my of inscriptions and belles-lettres, for a dis- sertation on the state of the government and legislation of France during the age of Louis IX., induced him to abandon law for literature, and he removed to Paris. His liberal polit- ical views recommended him to the editor of the Courrier Francais, to the staff of which he was attached for more than ten years ; and about the same time he began a course of his- torical lectures at the Ath6ne"e which gained him a considerable reputation. In 1824 ap- peared his first important publication, Histoire de la revolution francaise de 1789 d 1814 (2 vols. 8vo), frequently reprinted in France, and translated into the principal European lan- guages. In 1880 he was associated with Thiers and Armand Carrel in the establishment of the National newspaper, and, having cooperated in the overthrow of the Bourbon dynasty, was appointed by Thiers upon his accession to office councillor of state and director of the archives in the ministry of foreign affairs. In 1832 he was elected a member of the academy of moral and political sciences, of which in 1837 he be- came the perpetual secretary ; and in the same year he was admitted to the French academy. His political views were so distasteful to the government of Lamartine in 1848, that he was removed from his offices of director of the foreign archives and of councillor of state. Among his most important works are a series of documents entitled Negotiations relatives d la succession d'Espagne sous Louis XIV., with an introduction (4 vols. 8vo, Paris, 183 6 -'42), constituting a complete history of the reign of Louis XIV. ; Antonio Perez et Philippe II. (8vo, 1845) ; Vie de Franklin (1848) ; Histoire de Marie Stuart (2 vols. 8vo, 1851) ; and Charles Quint, son abdication, son sejour et sa mort au monastere de Yuste (1854). In 1843 he published several biographical papers under the title of Notices et memoires historiques (2 vols. 8vo) ; and he has since published Eloges historiques (8vo, 1863). In December, 1874, he submitted to the academy his Notice historique de la vie .et des auvres du due de Broglie, who died in 1870. For many years he has been engaged upon a history of the reformation. MIGNONETTE (Fr. mignonnette, diminutive of mignonne, darling), the common name for reseda odorata, a very popular garden annual. Though we derive our garden name as above indicated, the French use reseda as the common name. This genus and a few others form the small family resedacece, which in a systematic arrangement occupies a place between cruci- fercK and violacece. The resedas are natives of Europe, northern Africa, and western Asia, and are herbaceous or somewhat shrubby plants, with alternate leaves, and greenish yellow or white flowers in long terminal spikes ; the f our- to seven-parted calyx is never closed, even in the bud ; the petals as many as the calyx divi- sions, unequal, some or all deeply cleft or di- vided ; stamens 10 to 40, borne on a glandular disk; ovary and pod of three to six carpels united, not quite to the top, to form a three- to six-lobed or three- to six-horned, one-celled pistil, which opens at the top long before the seeds are matured. The common mignonette (R. odorata) is much cultivated for the fra- grance of its greenish white, inconspicuous Mignonette (Reseda odorata). flowers. In north Africa it is a perennial, but it is usually cultivated as an annual ; the seeds are sown where the flowers are to bloom, and it springs up abundantly from self-sown seeds. For greenhouse culture, several seeds are sown in a pot and the plants thinned to three. What is called tree mignonette is only the ordinary kind which, by nipping off the flower buds, is prevented from blooming until it has formed a strong tree-like plant. By selection several improved strains have been produced. Mi- gnonette is much used by florists to impart fragrance to bouquets of showy but inodorous flowers. The white mignonette (R. alba), with long spikes of odorless flowers, is rarely seen in gardens, and weld or dyer's mignonette (R. luteold) is sparingly naturalized. (See WELD.) MIGUEL, Dom Maria Evaristo, a Portuguese prince, born in Lisbon, Oct. 26, 1802, died at Brombach, Baden, Nov. 14, 1866. He was the third son of John VI. of Portugal and Car- lotta Joachima, a daughter of Charles IV. of