Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume XI.djvu/520

 502 MICHIGAN respecting it as if unmarried. The principal grounds of divorce are adultery, impotence at the time of marriage, imprisonment for three years, desertion for two years, habitual drunk- enness, and extreme cruelty. The rate of in- terest is 7 per cent., but as high as 10 per cent, may be stipulated for in writing. Michigan is entitled to two senators and nine represen- tatives in congress, and therefore has eleven votes in the electoral college. The valuation of property, according to the United States censuses, has been as follows : A6 SE88ED VAL0 E. True value of real and person- Real estate. Personal estate. Total. al property. 1850 $59 787,255 1860. . . 1370. . . $128.605,084 224,663,667 $89,927,921 47,579,250 $163,583,005 272,242,917 257,163,983 719,208,118 The total taxation not national in 1870 was $5,412,957, of which $396,352 was state tax, $1,565,163 county, and $3,451,442 town, city, &c. The total debt amounted to $6,725,231, of which $2,385,028 was state, $1,275,479 county, and $3,064,724 town, city, &c. The receipts into the state treasury during the year ending .Sept 30, 1873, were $2,192,431 52; balance on hand at the beginning of the year, $977,- 224 03; disbursements, $2,314,942 11 ; balance in treasury at the close of the year, $854,713 44. The items of receipt were as follows: from direct taxes, $982,230 50 ; specific taxes, $347,- 554 74, of which $211,239 56 were from rail- road companies, $113,131 84 from insurance companies, $18,778 37 from mining companies, $2,236 43 from telegraph companies, $2,016 54 from express companies, and $152 from river improvement companies; sale of lands, $230,- 760 42 ; interest on part paid lands, $73,602 45 ; St. Mary's canal, $29,271 85 ; 5 per cent, from United States on sale of public lands, $28,- 723 20; miscellaneous sources, $253,424 67; total cash receipts, $1,945,567 83; receipts in .land warrants, $233,170 01 ; refundings and .reimbursements, $13,693 68. The disburse- ments were as follows : for principal of state debt, $502,000; interest on state debt, $117,- 748 48; interest on trust funds, $196,318 62; interest on part paid lands, paid to educational institutions, $55,490 39; state institutions, from appropriations, $380,756 50 (university $90,000, normal school $15,384 07, agricultural college $25,096, state public school $36,513 43, reform school $18,500, state prison $27,800, insane asylums $127,400, deaf and dumb and blind asylum $40,063); new state offices and new capitol, $129,143 76; on account of canal, $14,207 80; miscellaneous, $672,412 87 (in- cluding for printing and binding $88,247 96, paper and stationery $44,423 56, salaries $148,- N r 89, pay and contingent expenses of legisla- itire $75,176 48); total disbursements in cash, $2,008,078 42; disbursements in land war- rants, $233,170 01; refunding and reimburse- ments, $13,693 68. The taxable value of prop- erty in 1871, when the last assessment was made, was $630,000,000. The taxation for state purposes for the year ending Sept. 30, 1874, was $982,230 50, or 15'59 cents on $100. The items are as follows : for agricultural col- lege, $37,398; insane asylums, $169,000; gen- eral purposes, $300,000; institution for deaf and dumb and blind, $46,000; military fund, $33,382 50; new state capitol, $200,000; state prison building, $50,000; state public school, $43,000; state reform school, $33,950; univer- sity, $69,500. The total taxation, not inclu- ding city taxes in the larger cities and special assessments (amounting probably to $1,000,- 000), for the year ending Sept. 30, 1873, was $11,660,055 84, viz. : state, $829,976 05 ; coun- ty, $2,660,513 35; township, $1,963,113 22; highway, $2,537,807 27; school, $3,098,688 39; drain, $241,864 60 ; miscellaneous, $328,092 96. The total bonded debt of the state Sept. 30, 1873, was $1,733,292 78, of which $1,699,000 was interest-bearing, viz.: due Jan. 1, 1878, $353,000; due July 1, 1878, $111,000; canal bonds (guaranteed by state) due July 1, 1879, $73,000; due Jan. 1, 1883, $699,000; due May 1, 1890, $463,000. The rate of interest on the last amount is 7 per cent. ; on the rest, 6 per cent. The cash in the treasury applicable to the payment of this debt amounted to $412,- 000 81. The trust debt was as follows: pri- mary school funds, $2,401,198 86 ; university fund, $331,234 03; agricultural college fund, $103,192 39; normal school fund, $50,138 22; railroad and other deposits, $4,227 46; total, $2,889,990 96. The charitable, penal, pauper, and reformatory institutions are under the gen- eral supervision of a board of four commis- sioners (besides the governor ex officio), who are appointed by the governor with the con- sent of the senate for eight years, one reti- ring every two years. The state institutions under their charge are the state prison at Jackson, the state reform school at Lansing, the state public school at Coldwater, the asy- lum for the insane at Kalamazoo, and the in- stitution for the education of the deaf and dumb and the blind at Flint. The state prison was established in 1838. The grounds em- brace about 80 acres, of which 10| are enclosed within the prison walls. The number of cells is 648 ; they are built of stone, and each is 8 ft. 4 in. long, 3 ft. 4 in. wide, and 7 ft. high. The prisoners labor an average of about nine hours each week day in workshops in the en- closure; their services are let to contractors, and they are employed chiefly in the manufac- ture of furniture, wagons, agricultural imple- ments, cigars, and boots and shoes. For the last few years the prison has been self-sustain- ing. The number of convicts in prison Sept. 30, 1872, was 589 ; received during the year, 287 ; discharged, died, &c., 221 ; remaining Sept. 30, 1873, 655. There is a library of about 2,000 volumes. The reform school for juvenile offenders was opened in 1856; it has a farm of 225 acres. The boys receive instruc-