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 MICHIGAN 495 Huron, Ingham, Ionia, losco, Isabella, Jackson, Kalamazoo, Kalkaska, Kent, Keweenaw, Lake, Lapeer, Leelanaw, Lenawee, Livingston, Mack- inaw, Macomb, Manistee, Manitou, Marquette, Mason, Mecosta, Menominee, Midland, Missau- kee, Monroe, Montcalm, Montmorency,* Mus- kegon, Newaygo, Oakland, Oceana, Ogemaw,* Ontoaagon, Osceola, Oscoda,* Otsego,* Ottawa, Presque Isle, Roscommon,* Saginaw, Sanilac, Schoolcraft, Shiawassee, St. Clair, St. Joseph, Tuscola, Van Buren, Wasbtenaw, Wayne, and Wexford. There are 38 cities, as follows: Detroit, the commercial metropolis of the state, having a population in 1874 of 101,255 ; Grand Eapids, 25,923; East Saginaw, 17,084; Jackson, 13,859; Bay City, 13,690; Saginaw City, 10,064; Adrian, 8,863; Muskegon, 8,505; Port Huron, 8,240; Flint, 8,197; Lansing (the capital), 7,445 ; Ann Arbor, 6,692 ; Monroe, Battle Creek, Marquette, and Ypsilanti, having each more than 5,000 inhabitants; Manistee, Ishpeming, Marshall, Niles, Grand Haven, and State Seal of Michigan. Coldwater, with more than 4,000 each ; Alpe- na, Negaunee, Hillsdale, Pontiac, Wyandotte, Ionia, Greenville, and Big Rapids, with more than 3,000 each ; Lapeer, Charlotte, Holland, Owosso, Ludington, Hastings, and St. Clair, with more than 2,000 each; and Corunna, with a population of 1,345. The principal vil- lages are Kalamazoo (pop. in 1870, 9,181), Al- legan, Escanaba, Fenton, Hough-ton, Hudson, Sault Ste. Marie, and Tecumseh. The popula- tion of Michigan at the several federal decen- nial enumerations since its organization as a territory has been as follows : YEARS. White. Colored. Total. 1810. 4.618 8,591 31.346 211.560 395.071 736,142 1,167,282 144 206 261 707 2.5S3 6.799 11,849 4,762 8,896 31,639 212,267 397,654 749,113 1,184,059 1820 1830 1840 1850.. .. I860. . . . 18TO 553 VOL. XL 32 The population in 1800 was 551 ; at the several territorial and state censuses it has been as fol- lows : 1834,87,278; 1854,509,374; 1864, 803,- 745; 1874, 1,334,031. Included in the total for 1870 are 4,926 Indians, 1 Chinaman, and 1 Japanese. In that year Michigan ranked 13th among the states in point of population, the gain since 1860 being 58*06 per cent. Of the inhabitants, 916,049 were native and 268,010 foreign born, 617,745 males and 566,31 4 females. Of the natives, 507,268 were born in the state, 231,509 in New York, 62,207 in Ohio, 28,507 in Pennsylvania, 14,445 in Vermont, 12,140 in Indiana, 10,839 in Massachusetts, 8,033 in New Jersey, 7,412 in Connecticut, 6,055 in Illinois, 5,986 in Wisconsin, 3,932 in Maine, 3,633 in New Hampshire, 1,984 in Virginia and West Virginia, 1,719 in Kentucky, 1,486 in Iowa, 1,265 in Maryland, and 1,137 in Rhode Island. There were 65,720 persons born in the state living in other states and territories. Of the foreign population, 89,590 were born in Brit- ish America, 64,143 in Germany, 42,013 in Ireland, 35,051 in England, 12,559 in Holland, 8,552 in Scotland, 3,121 in France, 2,406 in Sweden, 2.116 in Switzerland, 1,516 in Nor- way, 1,354 in Denmark, and 1,179 in Bohemia. There were in the state 274,459 male citizens of the United States 21 years old and upward. The number of families was 241,006, with an average of 4*91 persons to each ; of dwellings, 237,036, with an average of 5 persons to each. There were 34,613 persons 10 years old and over who could not read, and 53,127 who could not write, of whom 22,547 were natives and 30,580 foreigners, 48,649 whites, 2,655 colored, and 1,823 Indians. Of the white and colored, 24,706 were males and 26,598 females; 8,391 were between 10 and 15 years of age, 5,428 between 15 and 21, and 37,485 (18,558 males and 18,927 females) 21 and over. The number of blind persons was 418 ; of deaf and dumb, 455; of insane, 814; of idiotic, 613. The number of paupers supported during the year ending June 1, 1870, was 3,151, at a cost of $269,682 ; number receiving support on that date, 2,042, of whom 1,189 were foreigners. The number of persons convicted of crimes during the year was 835; number in prison June 1, 1,095, of whom 416 were foreigners. Of the 404,164 persons (346,717 males and 57,447 females) 10 years old and upward returned as engaged in all occupations, there were em- ployed in agriculture 187,211, including 121,- 558 farmers and planters and 64,885 agricul- tural laborers ; in professional and personal ser- vices, 104,728, including 1,430 clergymen, 49,- 005 domestic servants, 36,034 laborers, 1,167 lawyers, 1,722 government employees and officials, 2,034 physicians and surgeons, and 5.059 teachers; in trade and transportation, 29,588 ; and in manufactures and mining, 82,- 637, including 4,730 blacksmiths, 3,535 brick and stone masons, &c., 1,799 car, carriage, and wagon makers, 14,693 carpenters and joiners, 2,045 cotton and woollen mill operatives, 1,075
 * Unorganized.