Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume XI.djvu/319

 MAZEPPA MAZZINI 307 and implements, and sugar, fruits, and vege- tables, are brought from San Francisco ; and the various cotton fabrics, &c., come from Eu- rope. The value of the exports for the year ending Sept. 30, 1873, was $2,797,385, inclu- Mazatlan. ding gold and silver bullion and coin to the amount of $2,435,450; imports, $1,276,000. The import duties for the same year amounted to $758,300, and the export duties to $137,670. The entrances and clearances for the year were 53 steamers and 26 sailing vessels, with an aggregate tonnage of 117,493. There are six public schools (two primary and one gram- mar school each for both sexes), with an at- tendance of 400 scholars in 1867 ; besides which there were 21 private establishments for the primary and higher branches. The number of adults unable to read or write was in the same year 5,761. MAZEPPA, Jan, hetman of the Cossacks, born about 1645, died in Bender, Turkey, Sept. 22, 1709. He was the son of a Polish gentleman in Podolia, and became page at the court of John Casimir, king of Poland. On returning to his native province he formed an improper intimacy with a married lady, whose husband caused him, according to the common story, to be tied to a wild horse, which was then let loose on the plains and ran till he reached the country of the Cossacks, where Mazeppa was unbound, and kindly treated by the inhabi- tants. Another account says that Mazeppa was fastened to his own horse, which brought him back to his own door, and that, unable to endure the disgrace of his position, he left his country and took up his residence among the Cossacks. However he may have arrived among them, his abilities soon gave him great influence, and on the death in 1687 of the het- man Samoilovitch, whose secretary and adju- tant he had been, he was chosen to the chief command. He attained to high favor with Peter the Great ; but when the Russians began to encroach on the liberties of his adopted country, he entered into secret connection with Stanislas Leszczynski of Poland, and subse- quently into a league with Charles XII. of Sweden. These plans failed, Mazeppa being besieged by the Russians in his capital, Baturin, whence he escaped with an inconsiderable force. The defeat of Poltava (July 8, 1709) put it out of the power of Charles to aid him, and both fled to Turkey. MAZZINI, Giuseppe, an Italian revolutionist, born in Genoa, June 28, 1805, died in Pisa, March 10, 1872. His father, who was a rich medical professor in the univer- sity of Genoa, gave him an excellent education. He learned the German, French, and English lan- guages, studied jurispru- dence, and before 1830 published several liberal essays in the Indica- tore of Genoa and the Antologia of Florence. In 1830 he joined the carbonari, and soon afterward was imprisoned six months in the citadel of Savona, and then expatriated. He went to Marseilles, at that time the headquar- ters of Italian exiles, where he organized a league called la Giovine Italia, or Young Italy, and established a journal of the same name. Among the most active emissaries of Young Italy were sailors, who scattered Mazzini's pub- lications all over the peninsula. The move- ment soon attracted the attention of the au- thorities. A private correspondence in cipher was intercepted, and disclosed the purpose of raising guerilla bands, and other preparations for revolution. Extracts of this correspon- dence were published in the latter part of 1832 in the Roman journal Notizie del Gior- no, and traced to Mazzini and his fellow con- spirators. A circular inviting the cooperation of republican leaders in foreign countries was addressed, in February, 1833, to a journalist of Paris, and was signed Strozzi, the nom de guerre of Mazzini. His name was associated with political and military conspiracies which were discovered in Piedmont in 1833, and with their ramifications in Naples and other parts of Italy. After continuing for some time to issue his journal from a hiding place in Mar- seilles, he was at length compelled to leave the French territory and to seek refuge in Switzer- land, where, in connection with Polish, Ger- man, and other Italian refugees, he planned an expedition to seize the fortress of St. Julien in Savoy, and the small town of Annecy, which commanded the road to Chambe"ry, while an-