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 MASSACHUSETTS 257 versity ; in agriculture and horticulture by the Bussey institute, connected with the same in- stitution ; and in natural history by the museum of comparative zoology in Cambridge and the Anderson school of natural history on Peni- kese island. (See HAKVAKD UNIVERSITY, and ELIZABETH ISLANDS.) The university of mod- ern languages at Newburyport has been or- ganized for the purpose of affording to students, without regard to age, sex, or nationality, in- struction in European and Asiatic languages, and also modern sciences, by teachers native of the respective countries. The English depart- ment is intended for foreign students desiring to learn that language. The endowment fund (1875) exceeds $300,000, which it is intended to increase to $1,000,000, and the buildings for domestic and school purposes are in process of construction. The oriental department is to be first opened. The leading institutions for the superior instruction of females are Abbott acad- emy, Andover; Bradford academy, Bradford; Gannett institute, Boston ; Lasell female sem- inary, Auburndale; Maplewood institute for young ladies, Pittsfield ; Mount Holyoke female seminary, South Hadley; Notre Dame acad- emy, Boston Highlands ; the Oread institute for young ladies, Worcester ; "Wheaton female sem- inary, Norton; Wellesley college, Needham; and Smith college, Northampton. There are not fewer than 150 libraries other than private in Massachusetts containing more than 1,000 volumes each, and about 50 containing 10,000 or more. The largest are that of Amherst college, about 29,000 ; Andover theological seminary, 32,000 ; Boston Athenaeum, 103,000 ; mercantile, 20,000 ; public, 260,500 ; state, 34,- 000; Harvard university, 200,000 ; free public library, New Bedford, 30,000 ; Essex institute and Athenaeum, Salem, 43,000; city library association, Springfield, 36,000 ; museum of natural history, Springfield, 28,000 ; American antiquarian society, Worcester, 55,000; and the public library of Worcester, 35,500. Ac- cording to the census of 1870, the whole num- ber of libraries was 3,169, with an aggregate of 3,017,813 volumes. Of these, 1,625, with 1,007,204 volumes, were private, and 1,544, with 2,010,609 volumes, other than private, including the state library of 35,000 volumes ; 95 town, city, &c., 475,853 ; 18 court and law, 27,708; 20 school, college, &c., 253,127; 1,042 Sabbath school, 539,609; 164 church, 85,956; 11 of historical, literary, and scientific socie- ties, 186,800 ; 6 of benevolent and secret asso- ciations, 63,000; and 186 circulating, 347,556. The whole number of newspapers and periodi- cals was 259, having an aggregate circulation of 1,692,124, and issuing annually 129,691,266 copies. There were 21 daily, with a circula- tion of 231,625; 1 tri-weekly, 800; 16 semi- weekly, 41,484 ; 153 weekly, 899,465 ; 11 semi- monthly, 45,200 ; 48 monthly, 462.150 ; 9 quar- terly, 11,400; and 1 annual, 3,000. In 1874 the total number was reported at 321, including 26 daily, 1 tri-weekly, 10 semi-weekly, 212 DENOMINATIONS. 1 271 15 81 500 10T 29 5 2 297 15 13 3 196 15 4 19 180 1 97 42 1

280 15 81 502 99 29 2 1 290 12 10 8 162 12 4 1 179 1 87 44 j j Baptist regular. 182,805 6,280 9,675 269,814 46,245 7,950 1,500 450 117,325 8,800 5,700 950 180,415 8,400 1,550 400 98,806 100 85,627 10,575 $8,194,298 186,700 128,440 6,298,827 2,804,485 91,680 88,000 20,000 2,904,100 199,800 257,825 24,000 8,581,095 58,540 18,600 1,400 8,470,575 500 1,618,000 167,470 " other Christian Congregational Episcopal, Protestant Friends Jewish. Lutheran . Methodist New Jerusalem Presbyterian, regular Eeformed church in the United States (late Ger. Reformed). Eoman Catholic Second Advent. Shaker Spiritualist Unitarian United Brethren in Christ .... Universalist ; weekly, 4 bi-weekly, 2 semi-monthly, 55 month- ly, and 1 bi-monthly. The total number of religious organizations was 1,848, having 1,764 edifices, with 882,317 sittings, and property valued at $24,488,285. The denominations were represented as follows : The first settlement in Massachusetts was made on the Elizabeth islands in 1602 by Bar- tholomew Gosnold and 32 English colonists; but it was soon abandoned. Other expeditions visited the coast for the purpose of getting possession of the country, but with unimpor- tant results. On Sept. 6, 1620 (0. S.), about 100 English who had sought religious liberty in Holland, having embarked from Delft Ha- ven, set sail from Plymouth, England, in the Mayflower, of 180 tons, for the purpose of set- tling in America. They had made terms with the Virginia company, which had received from the crown important privileges in Ameri- ca. They reached Cape Cod Nov. 9, and an- chored in the roadstead of the present Prov- incetown. Before landing they drew up and subscribed a solemn compact or constitution, by the terms of which they were to be ruled ; and immediately after John Carver was elected governor for one year. An exploring party spent some days in searching for a favorable place to begin the settlement, and they at last landed at Plymouth, Dec. 11 (O. S.). Here the severity of the weather, exposure, and bad food brought on sickness, which reduced their number nearly one half in about four months. Three months after landing they made a treaty of amity with the Indian chief Massasoit and his people, with whom they long remained friends. With other chiefs and tribes they had occasional disputes and skirmishes, but they were soon freed from serious molestation. In these matters Capt. Miles Standish achieved great reputation. In the spring the Mayflower departed, and shortly after Carver died, and was succeeded by William Bradford, with Isaac Allerton as his assistant. Until 1623, when