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 MASSACHUSETTS Fall Paver, 26,766; Fitchburg, 11,260; Glou- oeater, 15,389; Haverhill, 13,092; Ilolyoke, 10,733; Lawrence, 28,921; Lowell, 40,928; Lynn, 28,283; New Bedford, 21,320; New- l.urvm.rt, 12,595; Newton, 12,825; Salem, 24,- 117; Soraerville, 14,685; Springfield, 26,703; Taunton, 18,629 ; and Worcester, 41,105. The population and rank of the state in the Union, according to the national census, have been : YEARS. White. Colored. TotaL Rank. 878,884 5.463 878,787 4 416,898 6,452 422,845 5

1*10 446,808 6,737 472,040 5 616,419 6,740 523,159 7 808,869 7,049 610,408 8

729,030 086,460 8,669 9,064 787,699 994,514 8 6 1 221 432 9,602 1,231,066 7 l-7'i 1,443,156 18,947 1,457,351 7 Included in the total population of 1860 were 32 Indians, and in that of 1870 87 Chinese, 10 Japanese, and 151 Indians. Of the whole number of inhabitants in 1870, 703,779 were State Seal of Massachusetts. males and 753,572 females; 1,104,032 were native and 353,319 foreign born. Of the na- tives, 17,313 were born in Connecticut, 55,571 in Maine, 903,297 in Massachusetts, 47,773 in N-v Hampshire, 24,628 in New York, 14,356 in Rhode Island, and 22,110 in Vermont ; 243,- 784 persons born in Massachusetts were living in other states. Of the foreign born, 65,055 were natives of British America, 13,072 of U-rmany, 84,099 of England, 216,120 of Ire- land, and 9,003 of Scotland. The average den- sity of population was 186*84 persons to a square mile, being greater than that of any other state. There were 305,534 families, with an average of 4*77 persons to each, and 236,473 dwellings, with an average of 6-16 persons to each. The increase of population from 1860 to 1870 was 18-15 per cent. The number of male citizens 21 years old and upward was 312,770. There were 74,935 persons 10 years of age and over unable to read, and 97,742 who could not write, of whom 89,830 were foreign born; 31,746 of the male adult population, or 7'97 per cent., and 53,940, or 12-27 per cent., of the female adults, were illiterate. The num- ber of paupers supported during the year end- ing June 1, 1870, was 8,036, at a cost of $1,121,604; of the number (5,777) receiving support June 1, 1870, 5,396 were natives and 381 foreigners. There were 1,593 persons con- victed of crime during the year ; of the num- ber (2,526) in prison June 1, 1870, 1,291 were of native and 1,235 of foreign birth. The state contained 761 blind, 538 deaf and dumb, 2,662 insane, and 778 idiotic. Of the total popu- lation 10 years of age and over (1,160,666), there were engaged in all occupations 579,- 844 persons; in agriculture 72,810, of whom 31,019 were laborers and 39,766 farmers and planters ; in professional and personal services 131,291, including 2,040 clergymen, 45,770 domestic servants, 279 journalists, 50,564 la- borers not specified, 1,270 lawyers, 2,047 phy- sicians and surgeons, 7,220 teachers not speci- fied, 847 teachers of music, and 506 professional musicians ; in trade and transportation, 83,078 ; in manufactures, mechanical and mining in- dustries, 292,665, of whom 5,774 were black- smiths, 1,102 bookbinders, 48,255 boot and shoe makers, 23,506 carpenters and joiners, 39,195 cotton null operatives, besides 4,629 mill and factory operatives not specified, 5,311 fishermen and oystermen, 8,273 machinists, 7,887 painters and varnishers, 16,787 tailors and seamstresses, besides 7,649 milliners and dress and mantua makers, and 19,863 woollen mill operatives. The total number of deaths during the year was 25,859, being 1-77 per cent, of the entire population. Chief among the causes of mortality were consumption, from which 5, 157 persons died, and pneumonia, 1,696; the number of deaths from all causes to 1 from consumption being 5, and 15 -2 to 1 from pneu- monia. There were 1,685 deaths from cholera infantum, 1,142 from enteric fever, 911 from scarlet fever, 280 from diphtheria, and 1,114 from diarrhoea, dysentery, and enteritis. From the west for about 100 m. Massachusetts has the regular form of a parallelogram about 50 m. wide; thence it spreads out N. E. and S. E. on two sides of Massachusetts bay, termina- ting S. E. in the long peninsula of Cape Cod, which, describing to the north and slightly to the west a segment of a circle, encloses Cape Cod bay. It also includes several islands, of which Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket are the largest. Besides the two mentioned, there are Buzzard's bay on the S. coast, 30 m. long, with an average width of 7 m., and Plymouth bay, a small inlet communicating on the east with Cape Cod bay. The Elizabeth islands are a group of 16 off Cape Cod. (See ELIZABETH ISLANDS.) The state has many excellent har- bors, the best of which are at Boston and New Bedford. No large and navigable rivers, excepting the Merrimack, find their outlet on the coast. The Housatonic river, which rises in the W. part of the state, and the Connecti-