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 218 MARY I. of the Immaculate Conception (Dec. 8); her birth by the Nativity (Sept. 8) ; the message of the angel by the Annunciation (March 25) ; her visit to Elizabeth by the Visitation (July 2) ; lior visit to the temple by the Purification (Feb. 2) ; and her ascent to heaven by the Assump- tion (Aug. 15). The Nativity and Assump- tion are celebrated by both Greek and Latin churches. In the llth century it became the custom in some places to honor her by special devotions on Saturdays, and later to devote the month of May to similar practices of piety. These devotions are nowhere a matter of obli- gation. An Officium Beatce Maries Virginia was added to the breviary, and declared by Pope Urban II. (1095) to be obligatory on the clergy of the whole church. Several religious orders called themselves after Mary. To her intercession so great importance is attributed that the Ave Maria (Hail Mary) is generally used in connection with the Lord's prayer. Many other devotional exercises in her honor, especially the beads or rosary (see BEAD), are in common use; and the wearing of the scap- ular, which she is believed to have given to the general of a religious order, Simon Stock, with the promise of special favors to all who wear it in her honor, was encouraged by sev- eral popes, who attached to it many indulgences. The house in which Mary dwelt at Nazareth is believed in Italy to have been transported by angels to Loreto. The miraculous cures as- cribed to the intercession of Mary are innumer- able ; a collection of some belonging to recent times may be found in the "Annals" of the " Archconfraternity of the Immaculate Heart of Mury," an association which was established in Paris in 1830. Many towns in every Cath- olic country possess celebrated images of Mary, which attract crowds of pilgrims during the year or on stated festivals. See Canisius, De Maria Virgine (Ingolstadt, 1577); Home, " Mariolatry " (London, 1841) ; Tyler, " Wor- ship of the Blessed Virgin Mary" (London, 1844); Mrs. Jameson, "Legends of the Ma- donna " (London, 1852) ; Genthe, Die Jung- frau Maria (Halle, 1852); T. S. Preston, " Ark of the Covenant " (New York, 1860) ; Cardinal Wiseman, "Lectures on the Church" (Baltimore, 1862), and "Sermons" (New York, 1874); Pusey, "Eirenicon" (London, 1866); and Newman's reply to "Eirenicon" in "Dif- ficulties felt by Anglicans" (London, 1874). MARY I., first queen regnant of England and Ireland, fourth sovereign of the Tudor line, and daughter of Henry VIII. and of Catharine of Aragon, born at Greenwich palace, Feb. 18, 1516, died at St. James's palace, Nov. 17, 1558. She was severely educated, according to a code of instructions drawn up by Ludovicus Vives. She was the object of various matri- monial negotiations in her infancy ; it was pro- posed by treaty in 1518 that she should marry the dauphin, son of Francis I. of France, and in 1522 she was betrothed to the emperor Charles V. He desired that she should be sent to Spain for education, but her parents would not consent to part with her, though they gave her a Spanish education. A Scot- tish match was proposed in 1524. Her father was at that time passionately attached to her, declaring her heir to the crown, and, according to one authority, creating her princess of Wales. She had a magnificent court at Ludlow castle, her chamberlain being that Dudley, duke of Northumberland, who in after days sought to prevent her from ascending the throne, and whom she sent to the scaffold. The countess of Salisbury, the last of the Plantagenet fami- ly, was at the head of her establishment. The emperor broke his contract with her on the ground that her father, by seeking a divorce from her mother, was seeking also his daugh- ter's degradation. Henry then sought to mar- ry her to Francis I., but that prince took for his second wife the emperor's sister Eleanor. Catharine wished her daughter to marry a son of Lady Salisbury, whose brother, Warwick, had been murdered by Henry VII. on the de- mand of Ferdinand of Aragon, before he would consent that his daughter should marry a prince of the house of Tudor. This son was the famous Reginald Pole, afterward cardinal. Her hand was asked for the duke of Orleans, second son of Francis I., but vainly. After the birth of Elizabeth, Mary was degraded from the position she held ; and when James V. of Scotland asked her in marriage, his suit was refused, from the fear that issue from such union would interfere with the title of Anne Boleyn's children to the crown. As she re- sisted as far as she could, it was reported that her father was indignant, and that her life was in danger. The treatment she received justi- fied the fears that were entertained, and the emperor interfered in her behalf. After Anne Boleyn's death (1536) Mary was better treated ; but her father's object, which was a renuncia- tion of her right to the succession, was not ob- tained until some time after this change, when she signed articles acknowledging that her mother's marriage was incestuous and illegal, her own birth illegitimate, and the king's su- premacy over the church absolute. She was then restored to some favor. Her hand was again asked for the duke of Orleans, and she stood sponsor to the young prince who was afterward Edward VI. Negotiations for her marriage with various princes were fruitlessly made, among them being the prince of Portu- gal, the duke of Cleves, and the duke of Bava- ria. As she was regarded as the head of the Catholic party, she was an object of suspicion to her father and to the Protestants, and her situ- ation was made painful by the legal murder of most of her friends, including the countess of Salisbury; but in 1544 she was restored to her place in the line of succession by act of parlia- ment. She lived on the best terms with hei last stepmother, Catharine Parr, and at her in- stance translated Erasmus's Latin paraphrase of St. John. During the reign of Edward