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 MABTIN on his return from exile in 360. He built at Liguge near that city the first monastery, ac- cording to some, established in Gaul. In 371 he was elected bishop of Tours, and built the monastery of Marmoutier, in which he chiefly resided, and which became so renowned for learning and piety that the neighboring churches chose their bishops there. The unwearied la- bors of Martin and his followers caused him to be looked upon as the second apostle of Gaul. He visited the imperial court repeat- edly to denounce the tyranny of the provin- cial officers. In 383 he obtained from the usurper Maximus at Treves the pardon of sev- eral bishops and high magistrates sentenced to exile or death as adherents of the emperor Gratian. At the same time both he and St. Ambrose opposed Ithacius and other Spanish bishops, who urged Maximus to put to death the Manichsean Priscillian and his adherents. The Spaniards having succeeded in their pur- pose after Martin's departure, he renounced all fellowship with them. About 385 the histo- rian Sulpitius Severus became his disciple, and thenceforward accompanied him in his contin- ual missionary excursions. St. Martin is the first in the Latin church to whom was given the title of "confessor" as distinguished from that of martyr. His feast is celebrated on Nov. 11, hence called " Martinmas " in Great Britain, and distinguished by an equivalent ap- pellation in France and Germany. His life, written by Sulpitius Severus, was printed in the second volume of Aldus Manutius's Poetce CJiristiani (Venice, 1501), and reprinted sepa- rately at Paris in 1511. See also Dupuy, His- toire de Saint Martin (Paris, 1852) ; and Mon- talembert, Les moines d" 1 Occident. MARTIN, Theodore, a British author, born in Edinburgh in 1816. He practised law for sev- eral years in Edinburgh, and in 1846 removed to London, where he became a parliamentary solicitor. He contributed to various periodi- cals under the signature of " Bon Gaultier," and published " The Book of Ballads, by Bon Gaultier," a series of burlesque pieces and parodies, written in conjunction with Profes- sor "W. E. Aytoun, with whom he was associa- ted in a translation of the "Poems and Bal- lads of Goethe " (1858). He has translated the Correggio and Aladdin of Oehlenschlager ;. "King Rene's Daughter," a lyrical drama by the Danish poet Henrik Hertz ; " The Odes of Horace," in English verse (1860) ; " The Poems of Catullus," in English verse, with an intro- duction and notes (1861) ; Dante's Vita nuova (1862); and Goethe's Faust (3d ed., 1870). He has also written a biography of W. E. Aytoun (Edinburgh, 1868), and "The Life of the Prince Consort," under the queen's super- vision (London, 1875). MARTINEAU. I. Harriet, an English author- ess, born in Norwich, June 12, 1802. She is descended from French ancestors, who on the revocation of the edict of Nantes established themselves at Norwich. She received a liberal MARTINEAU 211 education, and at an early age, being afflicted with a constantly increasing deafness and a to- tal lack of the sense of smell, found her chief recreation in literary composition. Pecuniary disasters soon compelled her to rely upon her pen for support. In 1823 she published " De- votional Exercises for the Use of the Young," and in 1824 a tale entitled "Christmas Day," a sequel to which, " The Friend," appeared in 1825. Encouraged by the success of these works, she produced " Principle and Practice," "The Rioters," and "Original Hymns (1826); " The Turn-Out " and " Mary Campbell " (1827) ; " My Servant Rachel," a " Sequel to Principle and Practice " (1828) ; and a series of " Tracts " on questions relating to the working classes, in whose welfare several of her previous writings had shown a strong interest. In 1831 she published, under the title of "Traditions of Palestine," a series of sketches of the Holy Land during the period of Christ's ministry. In the same year she obtained prizes from the British and foreign Unitarian society for three tracts on "The Faith as Unfolded by many Prophets," "Providence as Manifested through Israel," and " The Essential Faith of the Chris- tian Church." About this time she conceived the plan of issuing a series of monthly stories illustrating the leading principles of political economy. The society for the diffusion of useful knowledge, to which she at first applied, refused to enter into the project, and it was only after many rebuffs and disappointments that she succeeded in finding a publisher. The immediate and remarkable success with which the first tale was received repaid the authoress for her perseverance. The series extended to 24 stories, which were many times reprinted and translated into French and German, and which fixed her reputation as an earnest think- er and a writer of fiction. The " Illustrations of Taxation" and "Poor Laws and Paupers," which next appeared, were written with the same plan, and also published serially. In 1834-' 6 she travelled extensively in the United States, and on her return recorded her impres- sions of American life and institutions in a work entitled "Society in America" (1837). She also published in 1838 her "Retrospect of Western Travel," which gave more of her per- sonal experiences. In the following year ap- peared " Deerbrook," her first and most pop- ular novel ; in 1840, "The Hour and the Man," a work of fiction founded on the career of Toussaint 1'Ouverture; and about the same time a series of tales for children entitled "The Playfellow," among which were "The Settlers at Home," " Feats on the Fiord," and " The Crofton Boys." Her health, which had been delicate from childhood, became so seri- ously affected in 1839 that she was long obliged to desist from all literary occupation. In 1843 she published "Life in the Sick Room." On recovering through the agency, as she believed, of animal magnetism, she published in 1844 an account of the treatment in a letter which