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 194 MARSCHNER MARSfHER, Ilrlnrirli. a German composer, bora in Zittau, Aug. 16, 1795, died in Hanover, Dec. 15, 1861. He was almost a self-taught musician, his parents being too poor to afford him proper instruction. He acquired a little knowledge of the art here and there, and with this set about composing in every form. Hav- ing composed a ballet for a troup of dancers, the orchestra was brought to a sudden stop, the horns having notes to play that were not on their instruments. In 1816 he wrote a lit- tle opera, Der KyffhauBerberg, and in 1819 he produced at Dresden HeinricJi IV. und Au- bigne, an opera in three acts. In 1823 he bacame, jointly with Morlacchi and Von We- bar, musical director of the opera in Dresden. In 1828 Der Vampyr, his most celebrated work, was produced at Leipsic. In 1830 he was called to Hanover as chapelmaster to the king, and there he composed two other suc- cessful works, Das Schloss am Aetna and Hans Heiling. He also composed many songs for single voices, ten collections of male-voice part songs, trios, and quartets for instruments, and a variety of sonatas, fantasias, and rondos. MARS DEN, William, a British orientalist, born in Dublin, Nov. 16. 1754, died near London, Oct. 6, 1836. In 1771 his father, who was a merchant of Dublin, procured for him an ap- pointment in the civil service of the East India company at Bencoolen, Sumatra. He there attained the office of principal secretary to the government, acquired a close acquaintance with the country and the Malay language, and in 1779 returned to England. In 1795 he was made chief secretary to the admiralty, with a salary of 4,000; and on his resignation in 1807, the government conferred on him a pen- sion of 1,500. In 1834 he bequeathed his rich collection of coins and medals to the Brit- ish museum, and his valuable library of orien- tal books and manuscripts to King's college, London. The most important of his works are: "History of Sumatra" (London, 1782); " Grammar and Dictionary of the Malay Lan- age" (1812); a translation of the travels of rco Polo (1817); and Numismata Orienta- lia, a treatise on eastern coins, &c. (1823-'o). MARSEILLAISE, a national song of France, produced in 1792 by Rouget de 1'Isle, an offi- cer then stationed at Strasburg, and hence originally called Chant de guerre de Varmee du Rhin. It soon attained popularity throughout the country, and greatly contributed to the vic- tories of the French revolutionary armies. In Paris it was sung for the first time by the band of men who were brought from Marseilles by Barbarous to aid in the revolution of Aug. 10 1792. Hence it was called Le chant des Mar- iieillais, and afterward La Marseillaise. It has since continued to be the favorite song du- ring all popular movements in France. The researches of musical scholars within the last quarter of a century, both in France and Ger- many, seem to prove beyond reasonable doubt that the melody was not composed by Rouget gu Ma MARSEILLES de 1'Isle, but was copied by him from the credo of the fourth mass of Holtzmann of Mursberg, who composed it in 1776; and it was first heard in Strasburg in the hotel of Mme. de Montesson, in 1782. MARSEILLES (Fr. Marseille ; anc. Massilia), a city and the principal seaport of France, cap- ital of the department of Bouches-du-Rh6ne, on the N. E. shore of the gulf of Lyons, at. the head of a bay the entrance to which is sheltered by a group of islets, in lat. 43 18' N., Ion. 5 22' E., 400 m. S. S. E. of Paris; pop. in 1872, 312,864. It is connected by rail- way with the principal cities of France, by steamers with the chief ports of the Mediter- ranean, the Levant, and Algeria, and is the centre of the Indian overland mail service. On its N. side lies the old town, with filthy and tortuous streets and lanes, but containing some spacious squares, a remarkable town hall, and the remains of Roman ramparts. It is separated from the new town by a magnificent avenue, which is successively called Rue d'Aix, in its central part Rue du Grand Cours, and afterward Rue de Rome, and which extends in a straight line from the gate of Aix to that of Rome, traversing the entire length of the city from N. to S., and leading to the Prado, the most popular promenade on the seaside. The handsomest of the many fine streets of the new city is the Cannebiere, which leads from the Grand Cours to the old harbor, and contains the most elegant shops, hotels, and coffee houses, including the beautiful Cafe" Turc, chiefly fre- quented by Greeks and Levantines. The new city is built around the port. The quays are the most bustling and interesting parts of Mar- seilles, being constantly thronged by crowds of orientals, Greeks, Italians, English, and French, who are engaged in the business of the place. The animation of the city is only equalled by the picturesqueness of its locality. It rises over its port in the form of a gradually sloping amphitheatre ; the surrounding hills are covered with olive gardens and vineyards, and with thousands of country houses or bos- tides of the citizens. Opposite the mouth of the harbor is the chateau d'lf, in which Mira- beau was imprisoned. On summer evenings the inhabitants seek relief from the heat on the seaside, which is crowded with pleasure boats ; and many fine residences and places of public entertainment are situated along the banks. All parts of the city are well supplied with water through a canal fed by the Du- rance, and opened in 1850, at a cost of $10,- 000,000. The public buildings possess little architectural interest. The cathedral is said to have been built upon the site of a temple of Diana ; the church of St. Victor is the most ancient church, and was formerly one of the most celebrated abbeys in Christendom. There is a French Protestant church, a place of wor- ship for the English residents, a Greek church, and a synagogue. Among the public institu- tions are an arsenal, a mint, a lyceum, a med-