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 176 MARK ANTONY alone have been published, among others, by J. A. Alexander (New York, 1858), Klostermann, Dat Marlcus-Evangelium (Gottingen, 1868), and Weiss, Das Markus-Evangelium und seine gynoptischen Parallelen (Berlin, 1872). Ac- counts of the modern discussions about the origin and history of the Gospel of Mark may be found in Wilke, Der Urevangelist (Leipsic, 1838), F. C. Baur, Das Marlcus-Evangelium (Tubingen, 1851), and in the commentaries of Klostermann and Weiss. A full account of the literature on the subject is given by Se- vin in ErUarung der drei ersten Evangelien (Wiesbaden, 1873). MARK ANTONY. See ANTONY. MARKHAM, Clements Robert, an English geog- rapher, born at Stillingfleet, near York, July 20, 1830. He was educated at Westminster school, and entered the navy in 1844. In 1846 he was appointed naval cadet on board a vessel on the Pacific station, and, having passed for a lieutenant, left the navy in 1851. In 1850 -'51 he served in the expedition in search of Sir John Franklin, and in 1852-'4 explored the forests of the eastern Andes. In 1855 he be- came clerk in the board of control, and in 1858 secretary of the Hakluyt society. Be- tween 1859 and 1866 he again went to Peru and twice visited India, where he introduced the cultivation of the cinchona tree. In 1863 he was made secretary of the royal geographi- cal society, and in 1867 assistant secretary in the India office, receiving charge of its geo- graphical department in 1868. In the latter year he was appointed geographer to the Abyssinian expedition, and was present at the storming of Magdala. Besides many translations for the Hakluyt society and papers in the journal of the royal geographical society, he has pub- lished " Franklin's Footsteps " (1852) ; ' Cuzco and Lima " (1856) ; " Travels in Peru and In- dia" (1862); "Quichua Grammar and Dic- tionary " (1863) ; " Spanish Irrigation " (1867) ; " History of the Abyssinian Expedition " (1869); "Life of the Great Lord Fairfax" (1870); Ollanta, a Quichua Drama" (1871); "Memoir on the Indian Surveys" (1871); a translation, printed by the Hakluyt society, of the "Reports on the Conquest of Peru" (1872); "The Threshold of the Unknown Regions" (1873); and a "General Sketch of the History of Persia" (1874). He is the editor of the " Geographical Magazine." MARKIRCH, or Mariakirrli (Fr. Ste. Marie-aux- Minei), a town of Alsace-Lorraine, Germany, 22m. N. W. of Colmar; pop. in 1871, 12,319. It is one of the most flourishing centres of Al- satian industry. Among the principal branch- es of manufacture are silk, wool, and cotton weaving, dyeing, and bleaching. The valley of Markirch is one of the most picturesque of Alsace. There are lead and copper mines in the neighboring mountains. The town is of recent origin. MARL, a clay containing a large proportion of carbonate of lime, sometimes 40 to 50 per MARLBOROUGH cent. If the marl consists largely of shells or fragments of shells, it is called shell marl. In New Jersey the layers of greensand are very generally known as marl beds, a name more correctly applied to the tertiary beds made up of marine fossil shells which are found near the coast of the middle and southern states, and are employed for fertilizing the soil. In the northern states rich marl deposits are often found at the bottom of ponds, in the form of a thin white mud filled with minute fresh-water shells of living species. (See GREENSAND.) MARLBOROUGH, a N. E. county of South Carolina, bordering on North Carolina, bound- ed W. by the Great Pedee river, and watered by its affluents ; area, 505 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 11,814, of whom 6,668 were colored. The surface is level and the soil productive. The chief productions in 1870 were 6,321 bushels of wheat, 158,088 of Indian corn, 20,- 748 of oats, 17,894 of peas and beans, 42,356 of sweet potatoes, 17,677 Ibs. of rice, and 8,843 bales of cotton. There were 916 horses, 919 mules and asses, 1,637 milch cows, 2,907 other cattle, 974 sheep, and 8,370 swine. Cap- ital, Bennettsville. MARLBOROUGH, a town of Middlesex co., Massachusetts, on a branch of the Fitchburg railroad, and on the Boston, Clinton, and Fitchburg railroad, 25 m. W. of Boston, and 15 m. E. N. E. of Worcester ; pop. in 1870, 8,474. It is built on numerous hills, and con- tains within its limits Lake Williams, a beau- tiful sheet of water covering 160 acres. It has a handsome soldiers' monument of granite, a brick town hall costing $87,000, three ho- tels, gas works, and a good fire department. There are 25 boot and shoe manufactories, of which several are very extensive ; a national bank, a savings bank, a high school, 36 public schools, four evening schools, five private schools, a public library of 5,000 volumes, two weekly newspapers, and seven churches. Marlborough was incorporated in 1661. MARLBOROUGH, a town and parliamentary borough of Wiltshire, England, on the Kennet river, 75 m. W. by S. of London ; pop. in 1871, 5,034. It consists chiefly of one wide street. There is a royal free grammar school, found- ed by Edward VI. A castle existed in the days of Richard I., and a parliament was held there under Henry III., passing laws which were known as the statutes of Malbridge or Marlberge. The site was subsequently occu- pied by a noble mansion, at a later period by an inn, and is now part of Marlborough col- lege. This institution dates from 1843, and is intended for 500 pupils, two thirds of whom must be sons of clergymen. A laboratory and science lecture room were established in 1875. The town has considerable trade in local manu- facturing, agricultural, and dairy products, but has lost the importance which it had before the opening of the Great Western railway, when it was one of the principal posting sta- tions between London, Bath, and Bristol.