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 MANIKIN MANILA 109 found. In theological polemics the term Manichaean is still applied to doctrines repre- senting evil as a substance, identifying it with matter, or regarding the body of man as the source or seat of sin. The writings of Manes and his immediate disciples are not extant. Fragments are found quoted in the writings of their opponents, as in the Acta Disputa- tionis Sancti Archelai, Episcopi Mesopotami- ensis, cum Manete ; St. Augustine, Contra Faustum Manichaum, and Contra Fortuna- tum Manichceum; and St. Epiphanius. Be- sides the accounts of Manichaaism found in works on ecclesiastical history, and the spe- cial works mentioned above, see Schmidt, His- toire et doctrine de la secte des Cathares ou Al- ligeois (2d ed., Paris, 1849), and Flugel, Mdn^ seine Lehre und seine Schriften, ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des Manichaismus, aus dem Fihrist, im Text nebst Uebersetzung (Leipsic, 1862). MANIKIN. See ANATOMICAL PREPARATIONS. MANILA, a city, capital of the island of Luzon, and of the whole Philippine ar- chipelago, near the mouth of the Kio Pasig, which emp- ties into the bay of Manila; lat. 14 36' N., Ion. 121 E. ; pop. (including the suburbs) from 140,- 000 to 150,000, of whom the Spaniards and Creoles are about one tenth, the re- mainder being na- tive Tagalas, mesti- zos, and Chinese. Most of the Chinese are engaged in com- merce, and but few in agriculture. The city is divided by the river into two sec- tions, Manila proper and Binondo. The for- mer, which is the military town, is surrounded by lofty walls, and communicates with Binon- do by a fine stone bridge 511 ft. long, with 10 arches, first built in 1630, but rebuilt in 1814. The situation of the town is beautiful. On one side is the bay, in a framework of forest- clad mountains declining gradually toward the shore; and on another a picturesque plain, where are the military parade ground and the fashionable promenades, crowded in the even- ing with showy equipages and gay equestrians and pedestrians. The aspect of Manila proper is somewhat dull and monotonous. The streets are perfectly straight, macadamized, and pro- vided with ample granite sidewalks. The houses, which have in general a sort of pala- tial appearance, are of two stories, and built in a manner to resist the hurricanes and earth- quakes so frequent here. The upper story, commonly occupied by the family, is encircled by a spacious gallery, from which the sun is excluded by large sliding panels with mother- of-pearl panes, sufficiently transparent to ad- mit light to the apartments. In this town are the cathedral and some other churches, with all the monasteries and convents, both of which are numerous ; the governor's palace ; the cit- adel, overlooking both towns; the courts of justice, custom house, barracks, arsenal, hospi- tal, and other public buildings. Binondo, on the N. bank of the river, is much larger and more animated ; but the streets are less regu- lar and many still unpaved. Numerous canals, crowded with pirogues, gondolas, and other boats, intersect this suburb, in which reside the wealthy merchants, Spanish, English, In- dian, Chinese, and mestizos. The newest and most elegant houses on the banks of the Pa- sig, though of unassuming exterior, are highly adorned within. Each house has a landing Manila. place from the river, and little bamboo huts to which the inhabitants repair several times a day for bathing. In other parts of the town there are sombre and massive structures inter- spersed with airy bamboo cottages perched on posts, in the midst of avenues of tropical trees, giving to the place an appearance at once Spanish and oriental. The only square worthy of remark in either town is the Plaza Mayor in Manila proper, some 300 ft. square, and embellished with a fine statue of Charles IV. of Spain, presented by Ferdinand VII. in 1824. The climate is intensely hot, but toler- ably salubrious; hurricanes occur frequently, and heavy rains fall at short intervals, espe- cially during the wet monsoons, which prevail five months out of the twelve. The tempera- ture is equable, seldom rising above 99 F. or descending below 70. Vessels of deep draught have to anchor at Cavite", about 7 m. distant ;