Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume XI.djvu/110

 LOS MANFRED other on the history of his country, the title of the former being Twv Qwrmuv 'Entro/ifa and of the latter Aiyvrrrm/ca. Both books are lost, but nuin.Tous fragments have been preserved by Josephus, Julius Africanus, Eusebius, and by Syncellus, who compiled from the two latter. Tlu- list of the Egyptian dynasties, as preserved in the Armenian version of Eusebius, is the most valuable remnant of Manetho's history, the dates of which appear to have been derived from genuine documents, including the sacred Looks of the Egyptian priests. Attacked as a fabulist by various critics, Manetho has found zealous defenders among the most distinguished Egyptologists, and the recent discoveries in hieroglyphic archaeology have vindicated his authority (see EGYPT, vol. vi., pp. 458-'9) ; but parts of the fragments are now generally ac- knowledged to be spurious, as is the astrologi- cal poem 'AirorefefffiaTiKd, which bears his name, but is of late date. The best critical editions of the fragments of Manetho are by Fruin (Ley- den, 1847) and Mailer, in vol. ii. of the Frag- mento Historicorum Qrcecorum (Paris, 1848). MANFRED, prince of Tarentum, king of the Two Sicilies, natural son of the emperor Fred- erick II. and of Blanca, a daughter of Count Lanzia of Lombardy, born in Sicily about 1233, fell in the battle of Benevento, Feb. 26, 1266. At his father's death in 1250 he was appointed regent in Italy during the absence of his half brother Conrad IV., the legitimate heir. Pope Innocent IV. immediately excommunicated him, declaring that the house of Swabia had ceased to rule over Sicily, because Frederick II. had died under the papal ban. Insurrections were excited in Capua, Naples, and other cities, but Manfred reduced most of the rebels, advanced to meet Conrad at Pescara, delivered the gov- ernment into his hands, and aided him in com- pletely suppressing the revolt. He was, how- ever, removed from any part in the administra- tion, his principality of Tarentum was taxed, and the Lanzias were exiled from it. Conrad died in 1254, leaving the crown to his infant son Conradin, and Manfred was again called to the regency. Innocent IV. renewed his oppo- sition to him, supported by the Guelph party in the Two Sicilies, forced him to agree to hold his possf-ions sis an iiiim.-iliati- li,-f ,,f tl K! holy see, and had demanded from him an oath of entire submission, when he made his escape to the Saracens at Lucera. Aided by them, he defeated the papal troops at Foggia, recovered A pi ilia, and after the death of Innocent was rec- ognized king of the Two Sicilies, and crowned at Palermo, Aug. 11, 1258, a report of Con- r.-i'l iii's death in Germany being at that time spread through Italy. This report was imme- contradicted by envoys, but Manfred refused to resign the crown, and his bravery, handsome person, accomplishments, and success made the people willingly submit to his rule. Regarded as the hereditary protector of the Ghibellines, ho sent troops to Tuscany, by whom the Guelphs were defeated at Monte- MANGANESE aperto. His court abounded with poets and art- ists, and he himself was noted for poetic skill. He was excommunicated by Pope Alexander IV., who vainly, however, proclaimed a cru- sade against him, and again by Urban IV., who offered his kingdom for sale to any European prince who had the strength to take it. Charles of Anjou, brother of Louis IX. of France, re- ceived the investiture of the Sicilian kingdom, was solemnly crowned by Pope Clement IV. at Rome, Jan. 6, 1266, and marched thence for the conquest of his realms. He was met by Manfred beneath the walls of Benevento. The latter was bravely supported by the Sara- cens, but the Apulians refused to advance against the enemy, the Sicilian army was thrown into disorder, and Manfred fell cov- ered with wounds in the thickest of the bat- tle. Dante alludes to his death and to his in- terment without religious rites (Purgatorio, canto iii.). He was twice married, first to Beatrice of Savoy, and next to Helena, a Greek princess, and left three sons and one daugh- ter, who became the prisoners of the victor. MANFREDONIA, a seaport of Italy, in the prov- ince and 22 m. N. E. of the city of Foggia; pop. about 7,500. It is situated at the foot of Mt. Gargano, and surrounded by walls, and the harbor is protected by a strong castle. It is well built, is the seat of an archbishop, and has a Gothic cathedral, containing one of the lar- gest bells in Italy, which stands in the old town (originally Sipontum), about 1 m. S. W. of the new. Salt is obtained from lagoons S. of the town, and there is a considerable export trade in that article, as well as m corn and or- anges. The harbor is only accessible to small vessels. Manfredonia was founded about the middle of the 13th century by King Manfred. It was nearly destroyed by the Turks in 1620. MANGANESE, a metal having the symbol Mn and the combining weight 55, long known in the mineral pyrolusite, used to neutralize the green color of glass. The ores containing it were variously styled female magnets, magne- sia nigra in contradistinction to magnesia alba, alabandine from the city of Alabanda, manga^ desum by the glass makers, and subsequently* by different chemists manganesium, mangani- um, and finally manganese. In 1774 Scheele, and Bergman described the black oxide as a pe- culiar earth, and Gahn afterward succeeded in isolating the metal from it by mixing the pulver- ized mineral with charcoal and oil, forming the mass into pellets, which were introduced into a brasqued crucible and exposed for an hour to the highest heat of a forge. The metal obtained in this way is very brittle, and, like cast iron, con- tains silicon and carbon, and has a variable spe- cific gravity. Brunner adopted a method anal- ogous to the one employed in the preparation of aluminum ; the chloride of manganese was fused with an equal weight of fluor spar and one fifth its weight of metallic sodium. The metal thus prepared is very hard and brittle, will take a fine polish, cannot be scratched by a file,