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 LUXEMBURG 737 (See BOUTEVILLE.) At an early age lie was in- troduced at court by his aunt, the princess de Conde. Under the great Conde he first saw service at the siege of L6rida ; and for his gallantry at the battle of Lens, although then but 20 years of age, he received from Anne of Austria the appointment of marechal de camp. Throughout the war of the Fronde he adhered to his commander, with whom he joined the Spaniards and fought against his countrymen until the peace of the Pyrenees. About this time he was married to Madeleine, heiress and representative of the dukes of Luxembourg- Pinei, a title which he thereupon assumed. At the breaking out of war with Spain in 1667 he joined the army of Turenne as a volunteer, and in the succeeding year, in the capacity of lieu- tenant general, aided Conde in the conquest of Franche-Comte. In the campaign of 1672 he held chief command in Holland, and at Grool, Deventer, Zwolle, and other places showed him- self a skilful general. The statement of the Dutch historians, that before taking the field he encouraged his troops to commit the gross- est excesses, is deemed unworthy of credit. He ended this campaign by a brilliant retreat with 20,000 men in the face of an army of 70,000. He fought under Conde at the battle of Senef in 1674, and in 1675, after the death of Turenne, was appointed a marshal of France. His first operations in this capacity were un- fortunate, but he soon captured Valenciennes and Cambrai, aided in gaining the battle of Cassel near St. Omer, forced the prince of Or- ange to raise the siege of Charlerpi, and, when surprised by the latter at St. Denis near Mons, while negotiations for peace were in progress, conducted his retreat with skill. During the long peace which succeeded the treaty of Nime- guen he was accused of participating in the plots of Brinvilliers and V oisin, and of attempt- ing to poison his own wife. To prove his in- nocence he voluntarily surrendered himself a prisoner at the Bastile, where he was confined for 14 months. Released in 1680 with an un- spotted character, he was nevertheless forbid- den to reside within 20 leagues of Paris. After 10 years of disgrace he was appointed by Louis to command the army destined for the inva- sion of Flanders, and in the campaign of 1690 defeated the prince of Waldeck at Fleurus. He was equallv successful at Leiitze and Steen- kerk in 1692, and in 1693 defeated "William III. in the battle of Neerwinden. His last great military act was his retreat before a superior force through Flanders to Tournay, LUXEMBURG (Fr. Luxembourg), a territory of Europe, now constituting the southernmost province of Belgium and a detached depen- dency of the Netherlands (but ranking as an independent grand duchy), bounded E. by Rhe- nish Prussia and S. W. by France; area, 2,705 sq. m. ; pop. in 1871, 403,312. It is traversed by branches of the Ardennes highlands, and watered by the Moselle and by affluents of the Meuse. It was originally called Liitzelburg, and was governed for some generations by German princes, whose progenitor was Count Sigfried of the Ardennes. It subsequently became a possession of the counts of Lim- burg, one of whom assumed the name of count of Luxemburg. To this house belonged the emperors Henry VII., Charles IV., son of King John of Bohemia, Wenceslas, and Sigis- mund, in the 14th and 15th centuries, all of whom but the first also reigned in Bohemia. Charles IV- elevated Luxemburg to the rank of a duchy. Wenceslas gave it to his niece Eliza- beth, who ceded it to Philip the Good of Bur- gundy. With Mary, the daughter of Charles the Bold, it came into the hands of Maximil- ian of Austria. Philip II. of Spain received it from his father, the emperor Charles V. By the peace of Utrecht in 1713 it was restored to Austria, and in 1794-'5 it was conquered by France. In 1815, at the congress of Vienna, it was made a member of the German confed- eration, as a grand duchy, and the king of the Netherlands was selected as its ruler, under the title of grand duke of Luxemburg. In consequence of the revolution of 1830 Luxem- burg was divided between Belgium and Hol- land, but the latter retained little beyond the fortress of Luxemburg, until April 19, 1839, when a new treaty was signed in London, by which Belgium resigned a portion of Limburg, to be united with the part of the king of Hol- land, as a member of the German confedera- tion. The territory abounds so much with woods and forests, that under the French ad- ministration it was appropriately called de- partement des Forets. Agriculture flourishes to some extent in the lower part of the country, and ^wine of an inferior quality is produced along the banks of the rivers. The present Belgian province of Luxemburg forms the S. E. division of the kingdom, bounded N. and W. by Liege and Namur, and comprises the arrondissements of Arlon, Bastogne, Marche, Neufchateau, and Virton, including the old duchy of Bouillon ; area, 1,706 sq. m. ; pop. in 1871, 205,784. The great Luxemburg railway from Brussels to Treves traverses the whole province. The industry of Belgian Luxem- burg comprises iron works, slate quarries, pot- teries, tanneries, cloth factories, and paper mills. Capital, Arlon. The grand duchy of Luxemburg lies E. of the Belgian territory, and is bounded S. by the German Reichsland of Alsace-Lorraine; area, 999 sq. m.; pop. in 1871, 197,528, nearly all Roman Catholics. All the inhabitants are of German nationality, with the exception of two villages on the Bel- gian frontier, which are Walloon. The num- ber of persons who exclusively speak French is estimated at about 4,000; all the others speak German. The grand duchy is divided into the districts of Luxemburg, Diekirch, and Grevenmachern. The principal manufactures are iron, leather, gloves, porcelain, and earth- enware ; there are also some textile manufac- tures, nearly 2,000 distilleries, and a large num-