Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume X.djvu/719

 LULLY LUMP FISH 713 taine. He left a fortune of 600,000 livres, the savings of a life of unusual prosperity. LILLY, Raymond (RAIMUNDO LULLIO), a Span- ish philosopher, surnamed " the enlightened doctor," born in Palma on the island of Ma- jorca about 1235, killed at Bougiah in Alge- ria in 1315. He was the son of a Barcelonese nobleman in the service of the king of Ara- gon, and was trained to the profession of arms. After a career of scandalous excesses, at the age of 30 he suddenly renounced the world and its pleasures, divided his property among his family and friends, and, assuming the habit of a Franciscan monk, retired into a solitary place for the purpose of preparing himself for the labors and duties of a missionary, to which, he said, Christ had summoned him in a vision. Here he studied philosophy, theology, ancient languages, the philosophical works of Averroes and other Moorish writers, and invented a system of dialectics by which he hoped to re- form science and convert Mohammedans, Jews, and pagans to Christianity. Inspired, as he said, by another vision, he published in 1276 his Ars Magna, in which his system is unfolded at length, and immediately went in search of patrons and proselytes. The remainder of his life was one long and toilsome He visited many of the principal cities of rope, sometimes endeavoring to establish insti- tutions to teach his doctrines, and sometimes attempting to incite a general crusade against the Moslems. He twice visited northern Afri- ca and disputed with the Mohammedan doc- tors, and was driven from the country. "While making a third attempt, he was stoned to death at Bougiah in his 80th year. The body of the aged martyr, whom his countrymen deemed worthy of canonization, was brought to his native place for burial. His principal works are the Ars Magna, or, as it is usually termed, the Ars Lulliana, and the Arbor Sci- entice. The former is a kind of logical ma- chine for combining certain classes of ideas, and thereby solving scientific questions. By means of letters, figures of squares, triangles, and circles, and of sections (camerce), an in- definite number of formulas is obtained, serv- ing as keys to metaphysical problems. The Arbor Scientim is a kind of encyclopaedia, con- taining the application of his method to all sciences. It is impossible to enumerate all his works, but they are said to have been more than one man could transcribe in the course of an ordinary life. He has been variously re- garded as a sainted martyr and champion of the church, a heretic, a philosopher surpassing Aristotle, or a shallow empiric. He had more erudition than judgment, and his system of metaphysics was so interwoven with mystical fancies, that the apparent regularity of his formulas ill conceals the incoherency of his ideas. He wrote in a barbarous style, which repels the reader. An edition of his works in 10 volumes, edited by Salzinger, was published at Mentz in 1721-'42. LUMBAGO. See RHEUMATISM. LUMP FISH, or Lump Sucker, a name given to several spiny-rayed fishes of the family dis- coboli. The position of this family has been the subject of considerable difference of opinion among naturalists. Swainson placed them in the order apodes with the eels and lampreys ; Cuvier ranked them among malacopterygians with the cod and sole; J. Mailer properly restored them to the acanthopterygians, but, from the union of their ventrals into a disk, established for them, with the gobioids, the family cyclopodi, separating eleotris. Agassiz places the discoboli with the mailed-cheeked fishes, in the neighborhood of the sculpins, separating them entirely from the gobioids. The best known genera of the lump fishes (discoboli and gobiesocidce of ichthyologists) are cyclopterus (Linn.), liparis (Artedi), lepi- dogaster (Gouan), and goMesox (Lacep.). In the genus cyclopterus the body is thick and high, without scales, covered with a mucous skin with a few osseous points over its surface ; the teeth are small and sharp, on the jaws and pharyngeals ; the mouth large ; gill covers Lump Fish (Cyclopterus lumpus). small, and their openings closed below ; bran- ch! ostegous rays six ; the pectorals very large, extending under the throat, and embracing the concave disk formed by the united ventrals, by means of which they adhere to rocks and other objects ; the skeleton is mostly cartilaginous ; the stomach large with numerous pyloric ap- pendages, the intestine long, and tlfe air blad- der moderate. The common lump fish ( C. lum- pus, Linn.), found on both sides of the Atlan- tic, varies from 8 to 20 in. in length, and may attain a weight of 18 Ibs. ; its appearance is grotesque and forbidding, its form being clum- sy, its skin slimy, its flesh flabby, and its fins comparatively small. The first dorsal fin is rather a fleshy ridge just behind the head, with simple rays; the second dorsal, with branch- ing rays, is about opposite the anal ; besides the scattered tubercles, there are three distinqt rows proceeding backward respectively from the eye, posterior angle of operculum, and ven- tral disk. The color is bluish slate above with blackish spots, and yellowish below. It is com- mon from the shores of Scotland to the coast of Greenland; notwithstanding its unwhole-