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 LUDINGTON LUDWIG 709 of Warsaw. In 1838 he took the place of Mu- ravieff at the head of the 5th corps of infantry. He served in the Caucasus from 1843 to 1845, and after a long furlough, rendered necessary by ill health, he was sent to the Danubian prin- cipalities in July, 1848. In 1849 he entered Transylvania under the convention between the emperors of Austria and Russia with 40,000 men. After capturing Kronstadt and Her- mannstadt, he twice defeated Bern, and then marching into Hungary proper, was present at the surrender of Gorgey. In 1853, when the Crimean war began, Luders, under com- mand of Gortchakoff, was placed on the Dan- ube, and made a difficult march toward Silis- tria, but was compelled by sickness to leave the army. When restored to health in March, 1855, he took command of the army of the south, establishing his headquarters first at Odessa, then at Mkolayev. In January, 1856, the emperor Alexander gave him the superior command in the Crimea, and he was engaged in preparation to carry on the war with the allies when it was ended by the treaty of Paris (March 30), and Luders retired from the army. In 1861 he was lieutenant general of Poland, and was made count in 1862, in reward for his services in suppressing the disturbances in Warsaw. In June, 1862, an attempt was made to assassinate him, and he received a severe wound, after which he retired from service. LUDINGTON, a city of Mason co., Michigan, on Lake Michigan, at the mouth of Pere Mar- quette river, 125 m. N". W. of Lansing ; pop. in 1874, about 2,500. The Flint and Pere Marquette railroad, completed to Reed City, 50 m. E., is to terminate at this point. The city has a considerable trade in lumber, shingles, wooden bowls, and tan bark, and con- tains about 25 stores, seven saw mills, a shingle mill, a planing mill, a foundery and machine shop, two banks, three hotels, a large school house, and a weekly newspaper. It was laid out in September, 1867. LUDLOW, a parliamentary borough of Shrop- shire, England, on the Teme, 23 m. S. of Shrewsbury ; pop. in 1871, 6,203. it has a cru- ciform parish church, a free grammar school founded in the reign of Edward VI., a small theatre, and a library. Ludlow is one of the small boroughs which until recently retained the right of sending two members to the house of commons, but which now return only one. LUDLOW, Edmund, an English republican, born at Maiden-Bradley, Wiltshire, in 1620, died in Vevay, Switzerland, in 1693. His father, Sir Henry Ludlow, was an extensive land owner in Wiltshire, and one of its repre- sentatives in the long parliament, where he was a strenuous opponent of the crown. Ed- mund was educated at Trinity college, Oxford, and on the outbreak of the civil war joined the army of Lord Essex as a volunteer, and was present at the battle of Edgehill. After the death of his father he was returned to parlia- ment for Wiltshire, and obtained the command of a regiment of cavalry. From this period he became prominent as a popular leader, and filled various important civil and military of- fices. He was a thorough republican, and steadily advocated the establishment of a com- monwealth. He was one of the most inflexi- ble of the king's judges, and an ardent sup- porter of the bill for the abolition of the house of peers. His sturdy independence rendering him obnoxious to Cromwell, he was removed out of the way by being appointed to a high military command in Ireland in 1650. When Cromwell assumed the protectorate, Ludlow entered his solemn protest against the act, and on returning to England refused to recognize the protector's authority. Hence he was re- garded with distrust, and retired into Essex, where he remained till Cromwell's death. Re- suming his public career, he took an active part in the political proceedings of the day, laboring to effect the restoration of the com- monwealth ; but, deeming the return of the Stuarts inevitable, he withdrew from London, and soon afterward went to Switzerland. He returned to England at the revolution of 1688 ; but being threatened with arrest, he betook himself again to Switzerland, where he passed the rest of his life, engaged in the composition of his " Memoirs." They were published at Vevay (3 vols. 8vo, 1698-'9), and have since gone through various editions. Over the en- trance of his villa at Vevay, Ludlow placed the inscription: Omne solum forti patria. LFDOLPHUS, or Lndolf, Job, a German orien- talist, born in Erfurt, June 15, 1624, died in Frankfort, April 8, 1704. He was educated at the university of Leyden, and in 1649 visited Rome, and perfected himself in the knowledge of Ethiopic by conversation with certain Abys- sinians who were then sojourning in that city. He afterward filled various official posts, and in 1690 he was made president of the acad- emy of history at Frankfort, where his latter years were spent. He was the author of many works, relating especially to Ethiopia and its language. LUDWIG, Karl Friedrich Wilhelm, a German physiologist, born at Witzenhausen, Hesse- Cassel, Dec. 29, 1816. He studied at Marburg and Erlangen, and was professor at the Mar- burg university till 1849, at Zurich 1849-'55, at Vienna 1855 -'65, and subsequently at Leipsic. The originality and logical force of his investi- gations relating to anatomical physiology have placed him in the front rank of that science. His principal works are Lehrbuch der Physi- ologic des MenscJien (2 vols., Heidelberg, 1852- '6), and Arbeiten aus der pTiysiologiscJien An- stalt zu Leipzig (Leipsic, 1866 et seq.). LUDWIG, Otto, a German poet, born at Eisfeld, Saxe-Meiningen, Feb. 11, 1813, died in Dres- den, Feb. 25, 1865. He studied music in Leip- sic under Mendelssohn, but ill health prevent- ing him from pursuing that profession, he en- gaged in literary pursuits. His principal works are the tragedies Der Erbforster (Leipsic, 1863),