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 LUBECK LUCAN 699 charitable institutions of the city. The chief educational establishment is the gymnasium. The size of the ramparts, now converted into public walks, and the quaint architecture and rich decoration of many of the houses, bear witness to the former importance and pros- perity of the city, which it retains to some de- gree, the supreme court of the free cities of Germany being still held at Liibeck, and its commerce continuing to be of magnitude, not- withstanding the proximity to and the compe- tition of Hamburg and Bremen. Still it has considerably declined compared with the times when the Hanse towns monopolized the traffic of half of Europe. The registered shipping in 1872 comprised 48 vessels, tonnage 11,892; of these, 24, with an aggregate tonnage of 6,006, were steamers. The entrances in 1872 were 2,457 vessels (steamers 776), tonnage 309,- 218; clearances, 2,237 (steamers 772), tonnage 228,340. One third of the imports come by land and river from Hamburg; the remain- der by sea, even large vessels, which formerly had to discharge at Travemunde, being now, in consequence of enlargements of the port, able to come to the city. The chief imports are cotton, silk goods, hardware, and other manufactures, colonial articles, dye stuffs, zinc, &c. The exports consist mainly of corn, cat- tle, wool, timber, iron, and fish. The principal manufactures are tobacco, soap, paper, play- ing cards, linen and cotton goods, and iron. Lubeck possesses an exchange, a commercial school, and many large insurance companies. Many business transactions are carried on with Russia and Scandinavia, large steamers plying between Lubeck and Copenhagen, Stockholm, and St. Petersburg. Lubeck has a republican form of government, administered by a senate of 14 life members, of whom 8 must be lite- rary men (6 of them lawyers), and 5 of the other 6 merchants, and by 120 delegates elect- ed for six years. The expenditures and re- ceipts were estimated in the budget for 1873 at $520,000; the public debt in 1872 amount- ed to $5,400,000. Lubeck was founded, near the site of a more ancient Slavic town of the same name which had been destroyed, in the first half of the 12th century, by Adolphus II., count of Holstein, and ceded by him in 1158 to Henry the Lion, who greatly increased the prosperity of the city, and gave it the cele- brated code of laws known as das Lubische Recht. The emperor Frederick II. conferred upon it in 1226 the privileges of an imperial free city. After that time, and especially after joining the Hanseatic league, Lubeck became a place of great commercial magnitude and political importance as the capital of the Hanso towns, and from the great enterprise of its citizens. During the thirty years' war, in the course of which a peace was concluded there between the emperor Ferdinand II. and Chris- tian IV. of Denmark (1629), it lost its prestige, and during the wars of Napoleon it was sub- jected to many vicissitudes. LUBLIN. I. A W. government of Russia, in the kingdom of Poland, bordering on the governments of Kadom, Siedlce, Volhynia, and Austrian Galicia ; area, 6,263 sq. m. ; pop. in 1867, 659,483. The interior is traversed by the Wieprz, which flows into the Vistula N. of Pulawy. The surface is level and the soil fer- tile. II. A city, capital of the government, on the Bistrzyca, an affluent of the Wieprz, 94 m. S. E. of Warsaw; pop. in 1867, 20,789, a large part of whom are Jews. It is divided into the old and new towns, and has numerous public buildings and churches. It is the most im- portant commercial town of the kingdom of Poland, after Warsaw and Lodz, and has also some woollen and linen manufactures. LIIBKE, Wilheloi, a German historian of art, born in Dortmund, Jan. 17, 1826. He studied at Bonn and Berlin, and in 1852 published VorscJiule zur Gescliichte der KircJien laukumt des Mittelalters, in 1853 Mittelalterliche Kunst inWestfalen, and in 1855 GescMchte derArchi- tektur (4th ed., 1870), which gained for him the professorship of architecture in Berlin. From 1858 to 1860 he travelled in Italy, Bel- gium, and France. In 1861 he became profes- sor of art history and archaeology at Zurich, and in 1866 was called to the chair of art histo- ry in the polytechnic and art schools in Stutt- gart. Besides the foregoing, and new editions of Kugler's works, he has published Grundriss der KunstgescUchte (1861; 5th ed., 1871); Abriss der Geschichte der Baiikunst (1861 ; 3d ed., 1868) ; Die Frauen in der Kunstgeschichte (1862); Geschichte der Plastik (1863; 2d ed., 1870); KumthistoriscJie Studien (1869); and several minor writings, including the texts for the "Madonna Album" (1860), the "Titian Album" (1861), the "Paul Veronese Album" (1862), and the "Michel Angelo Album " (1863). LUCA GIORDANO. See GIOEDANO. LICAN (MAECUS ANN^EUS LTJCANUS), a Roman poet, born in Corduba (Cordova), Spain, about A. D. 39, died in 65. His father was of eques- trian rank, a brother of the philosopher Sene- ca, and carried his son at an early age to Rome, where he was educated under the best masters. His talents were soon generally noticed, and his public recitations were much admired. For reasons not precisely known, he was at enmity with Nero, and engaged in the conspiracy of Piso, in which he was betrayed. An offer of pardon induced him to turn informer ; but after denouncing his accomplices, among whom was his mother Acilia, his own death was or- dered by the emperor. Finding escape hope- less, he caused his veins to be opened, and died while repeating some of his own verses de- scriptive of this mode of death. His only ex- tant production is the heroic poem PJiarsalia, in 10 books, the subject of which is the strug- gle between Caesar and Pompey, which was decided by the battle of that name. The 10th book is incomplete, the narrative terminating abruptly. The different spirit pervading differ- ent parts, changing from flatteries of Nero to