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 696 LOWTH LOYOLA prominent in debate, strongly supported the war of 1812, was chairman of the committee of .ways and means from 1818 to 1822, and was regarded by his friends as the most suitable person for president. LOWTH. I. William, an English theologian, born in London in 1661, died at Buriton, Hamp- shire, in 1732. He graduated at Oxford in 1683, and became chaplain to Dr. Mew, bishop of Winchester, who in 1696 conferred on him a prebend in his own cathedral, and in 1699 pre- sented him to the living of Buriton, which he retained till his death. He contributed many valuable notes to Potter's "Clemens Alexan- drinus," Hudson's " Josephus," and Beading's "Ecclesiastical Historians." The principal of his own works are: "A Vindication of the Divine Authority and Inspiration of the Old and New Testaments " (Oxford, 1692) ; " Direc- tions for the Profitable Reading of the Holy Scriptures" (London, 1708); and "Commen- taries on the Prophets " (1714-'25.) II. Rob- ert, son of the preceding, born in Winchester, Nov. 28, 1710, died at Fulham, near London, Nov. 3, 1787. He graduated at New college, Oxford, in 1737, and in 1741 became professor of poetry there, in which capacity he delivered a course of lectures on the " Sacred Poetry of the Hebrews." In 1744 Bishop Hoadley pre- sented him to the living of Ovington, Hamp- shire. In 1748-' 9 he travelled on the conti- nent, in 1750 was made archdeacon of Win- chester, in 1753 rector of East Woodhay in Hampshire, and was afterward nominated to the see of Limerick, but declined it for the prebend of Durham and rectory of Sedgefield. He was made bishop of St. David's in 1766, was translated to Oxford in the same year, and to London in 1777. On the death of Arch- bishop Cornwallis in 1783, George III. offered Dr. Lowth the primacy of Canterbury, but he declined it. His most important works are : Prcelectiones de Sacra Poesi Hebrmorum (Oxford, 1753 ; translated into English by G. Gregory, with notes by Michaelis, &c., 1787) ; " Life of William of Wykeham " (1758) ; " A Short Introduction to English Gram- mar " (1762) ; and a metrical " Translation of Isaiah " (1778), which is his greatest production. There have been many later editions of this and of most of his other works. LOXA. See LOJA. LOYOLA, Saint Ignatins de, founder of the so- ciety of Jesus, born at the castle of Loyola, near Azcoytia, Guiptizcoa, Spain, in 1491, died in Rome, July 31, 1556. His true name was Don Ifiigo Lopez de Recalde de Loyola. The name Loyola probably comes from a device on the family escutcheon of the 10th century over the gate of the castle of Loyola, a camp kettle hung by a chain between two wolves with the words Lobo y olla, " The wolf and the pot." He was the youngest of 11 children, and at the age of 14 was sent to the court of Ferdinand and Isabella as page to the king, whom he ac- companied in his wars against the Portuguese, the Navarrese, the French, and the Moors, dis- playing a valor and capacity which soon raised him to the highest reputation. His courtly bearing was equal to his bravery, and the young soldier seemed destined for a brilliant position in the world when a wound in the leg, received while heroically defending the city of Pamplona against the French in 1521, left him a prisoner and a cripple. The reading of cer- tain lives of the saints during his long conva- lescence turned his thoughts toward a religious life. As soon as his health was restored, having regained his liberty, he made a pilgrimage to the famous monastery of Montserrat in Cata- lonia, changed clothes with a beggar, and con- cealing his name and rank passed several months at Manresa, part of the time in a solitary cave, performing the " Spiritual Exercises," which he there committed to writing, and partly en- gaged in the most loathsome offices at a hospi- tal. Long fasts, scourgings, and other self-im- posed penances frequently brought him near to death. He was also tormented with dreadful scruples which more than once reduced him almost to despair. There he formed the de- sign of a religious militia with its headquar- ters at Jerusalem. (See JESUITS.) He made a pilgrimage to Jerusalem, afterward studied at Alcala and at the university of Paris, where he took his master's degree at the age of 43, gathered a few followers as a nucleus for his society, revisited his native place, and then went to Venice. There he received priest's orders, June 24, 1537, went to Vicenza with two of his companions, Lefevre and Laynez, occupied the ruins of a convent near that city, and spent 40 days in performing the " Spiritual Exercises" as a preparation for celebrating his first mass. This however he put off doing till Christmas, 1538. In that year he went to Rome with his companions, and unfolded his plans to Pope Paul III. A bull for the establishment of the new order was granted, Sept. 27, 1540. In the following spring Ignatius was unanimously chosen gen- eral, and, having fixed his residence at Rome, he applied himself to the final elaboration of the constitutions, of which as yet only a sketch had been drawn up. His subsequent history is that of his order. Besides the common labors of benevolence in which he had been so long engaged, he founded at Rome several chari- table institutions, among which were a house for Jewish catechumens, a college for German youth, an asylum for penitent women and poor girls exposed to temptation, and a foundling hospital. For many years his life had been a continual sickness, and for some time previous to his death he was able to take little share in the details of government. He died alone in his room. Ignatius was of middle stature and noble countenance, but slightly lame owing to his wound at Pamplona. He is often described as a fiery enthusiast, but nothing could be fur- ther from the truth. Though of an ardent temperament, his actions were so entirely un-