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 LOWER Mr. Lowell took place in 1844. A volume of her poems was privately printed in Cambridge in 1855. LOWER, Richard, an English physician, born in Cornwall about 1631, died in London in 1691. He was educated at Christchurch, Ox- ford, where he took the degree of M. D. at the age of 34. He was the first to successfully perform the operation of transfusion of blood upon the living animal, which he did upon the dog about 1665 ; an account of the operation was communicated to the royal society and published in the "Philosophical Transactions," vol. i. Taking up his residence in London, he was chosen fellow of the royal society and of the college of physicians. His principal pub- lication was his Tractatus de Corde, item de Motu et Galore Sanguinw et Chyli in eum Transitu (London, 1669). LOWER EMPIRE. See BYZANTINE EMPIRE. LOWESTOFT, a seaport town of Suffolk, England, 39 m. N. E. of Ipswich; pop. in 1871, 15,246. It has a parish and three other churches, and several dissenting chapels, a theatre, an assembly room, a reading room, library, two free schools, a mechanics' insti- tute, and a fishermen's hospital. It is the terminus of branches of the East Suffolk and Great Eastern railways. The chief branch of industry is ship building, and there are also some breweries and refineries. The trade, for- merly almost confined to coasting, has received a great impetus from the formation of a har- bor. In 1871 the imports were valued at 105,561 ; exports, 54,474. The number of entrances during the year was 178, tonnage 27,774; clearances, 133, tonnage 11,160. Near the harbor is the new town of South Lowestoft. LOWNDES. I. A S. county of Georgia, bor- dering on Florida, and watered by the With- lacoochee and its branches; area, about 600 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 8,321, of whom 4,045 were colored. The surface is level and the soil productive. The Atlantic and Gulf rail- road passes through it. The chief productions in 1870 were 166,570 bushels of Indian corn, 47,373 of oats, 37,258 of sweet potatoes, 2,799 bales of cotton, and 34,920 Ibs. of rice. There were 691 horses, 780 mules and asses, 3,243 milch cows, 7,475 other cattle, 3,473 sheep, and 14,353 swine. Capital, Troupville. II. A central county of Alabama, bounded N. by the Alabama river, and watered by its branches; area, about 750 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 25,719, of whom 20,633 were colored. The surface is undulating and the soil fertile. The Mobile and Montgomery and the Western Alabama railroads pass through it. The chief productions in 1870 were 453,187 bushels of Indian corn, 23,225 of sweet potatoes, 55,517 Ibs. of butter, and 18,369 bales of cotton. There were 1,081 horses, 2,706 mules and asses, 1,901 milch cows, 3,266 other cattle, and 8,465 swine. Capital, Haynesville. III. An E. county of Mississippi, bordering on Ala- bama, and intersected by the Tombigbee river ; LOWNDES 695 area, 569 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 30,502, of whom 23,022 were colored. The surface is undulating, and the soil a dark and very fertile loam. The Mobile and Ohio railroad and the Columbus branch pass through it. The chief productions in 1870 were 12,407 bushels of wheat, 429,280 of Indian corn, 12,084 of sweet potatoes, and 16,073 bales of cotton. There were 1,122 horses, 3,042 mules and asses, 3,595 milch cows, 4,035 other cattle, 2,006 sheep, and 11,893 swine; 5 manufactories of carriages, 1 of pig iron, 2 of saddlery and har- ness, 3 of tin, copper, and sheet-iron ware, 2 of woollen goods, 10 flour mills, and 3 saw mills. Capital, Columbus. LOWNDES, Rawlins, an American lawyer, born in the British West Indies in 1722, died in Charleston, S. C., Aug. 24, 1800. His parents settled when he was very young in Charleston, where he received his education, adopted the legal profession, and practised with great suc- cess. In 1766 he was appointed by the crown associate judge. Within three months he de- livered the opinion of the majority of the court, but contrary to that of the chief justice, in favor of the legality of public proceedings with- out the employment of stamped paper. In 1768 he moved a resolution in the colonial as- sembly for the erection of a statue of William Pitt, in acknowledgment of his services to the colonies and the British constitution. The measure was carried, and the statue still re- mains in Charleston. In 1775 he was elected a member of the council of safety, and of the committee appointed under it. In 1776 he was one of a committee of 11 appointed to draft a constitution for the province, and subsequently a member of the legislative council created by the constitution. In 1778 he was elected presi- dent of the province, and gave his official as- sent to the new constitution. He exerted him- self energetically to resist the advance of the British forces, but, having fewer than 10,000 men in the field, was unable to resist over- whelming forces by sea and land; and after the capture of Charleston he remained for some time a prisoner. In the assembly of South Carolina he strenuously opposed the motion to accept the federal constitution, objecting to the restriction which it imposed upon the slave trade, which he declared to be the great source of the strength and prosperity of the south ; to the clause, giving power to congress to regulate commerce ; and to the centraliza- tion of power which would accrue to the fed- eral government. In the closing sentence of one of his speeches he said : "I wish for no other epitaph than this : ' Here lies one who opposed the federal constitution, holding it to be fatal to the liberties of his country.' " At the close of the debate the resolution was car- ried against him by only a single vote. His son WILLIAM JONES, born Feb. 7, 1782, was a member of congress from 1810 to 1822, when he resigned, and died at sea, Nov. 22, while on a voyage to Europe for his health. He was