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 LORRAINE LOKY 643 family were the Guises, Aumales, Elboeufs, Harcourts, and others distinguished in the his- tory of France. During the reigns of Francis I., Henry II., Louis XIII., Louis XIV., and Louis XV., Lorraine was a principal object of contention between the empire and its west- ern rival. The three bishoprics were secured to France by the peace of Westphalia (1648). Finally, by the peace which terminated the war of Polish succession, the ex-king of Po- land, Stanislas Leszczynski, father-in-law of Louis XV., received Lorraine and Bar, which were to be annexed after his death to France ; the duke of Lorraine, Francis Stephen, the future husband of Maria Theresa of Hapsburg and emperor, receiving in exchange the re- version of the grand duchy of Tuscany, in which as in Austria he became the founder of the house of Hapsburg-Lorraine. Stanis- las died in 1766, when Lorraine became fully annexed to France. In 1815 a small district was ceded to Prussia and incorporated with the province of the Rhine. By the peace of Frankfort, May 10, 1871, France ceded the whole of German Lorraine and the city of Metz with the adjacent district to the Ger- man empire. The ceded territory now consti- tutes one of the three administrative districts into which the Reichsland of Alsace-Lorraine is divided. It has an area of 2,400 sq. m. ; pop. in 1871, 490,308, of whom about 170,000 speak French. (See ALSACE-LOEEAINE.) LORRAINE, Charles de, a French statesman, brother of the second duke of Guise, and best known as the cardinal de Lorraine, born in Joinville, Feb. 17, 1525, died Dec. 26, 1574. At the age of 13 he received the archbishop- ric of Rheims, which his uncle Jean de Lor- raine had resigned in his favor. In 1547 he officiated at the coronation of Henry II., and almost immediately afterward was made a cardinal. He was sent to Rome in 1555 to conclude an alliance with the pope against Charles V., and both in this and in various other diplomatic missions displayed a remark- able talent in the management of affairs of state. His conduct, however, sometimes ex- cited the suspicion of his sovereign ; and hav- ing on one occasion seriously offended the king by assuming the title of cardinal of Anjou, and thereby reviving the claims of his family to the county of Provence, it needed all the influence of the Guises and the protection of Diana of Poitiers to restore him to favor. In 1558 he had a secret interview at Peronne with the bishop of Arras (afterward Cardinal Granvelle), minister of Philip II., at which he was induced to lend his influence for a peace between France and Spain and the mutual co- operation of the two monarchs against the Protestants. The peace was concluded soon afterward, but the cardinal had now quarrelled with Diana, and both in the negotiations for this treaty and in the subsequent favors of the French king saw himself supplanted by the constable de Montmorency. Under Francis II., whom he also crowned, he was restored to power and obtained the administration of the finances. In 1561 he placed the crown upon the head of Charles IX. He sat in the council of Trent the following year, and threat- ened, if the council were not declared above the pope, to present a protest signed by 120 bishops. He went to Madrid in 1569 to ne- gotiate a marriage between Charles IX. and Elizabeth of Austria. The cardinal was a lib- eral patron of letters and the founder of the university of Rheims. He possessed great powers of oratory and literary ability, but was vain, ambitious, and presumptuous, and in- curred much enmity. LORRAINE, Claude. See CLAUDE LOEEAINE. * LORTZING, Albert Gustay, a German compo- ser, born in Berlin, Oct. 23, 1803, died there, Jan. 21, 1851. His father, who was connected with the theatre, introduced him upon the stage while a child, and in a few years he be- gan to compose songs and marches. He officia- ted in the twofold capacity of actor and singer from 1819 to 1822 at Diisseldorf and Aix-la- Chapelle, and afterward at Cologne till 1826, when he became connected with the theatre at Detmold. In 1833 he accepted an engagement at Leipsic, where he made himself well known as a composer. In 1846 he became connected with the stage at Vienna, and in 1848 went to Leipsic. In 1850 he returned to Berlin, where at the time of his death he was chapel- master at the Friedrich-Wilhelmstadt theatre. His best known compositions are Der Pole und sein Kind (1826), Zar und Zimmermann (1837), Ham Sachs (1840), and Undine (1845). His opera JRegina was announced for representa- tion for the first time at Nuremberg in 1874. See Duringer, Albert Lortzings Leben und WirTcen (Leipsic, 1851). LORY, a division of the parrot family, em- bracing several very showy birds of the East Indian and South Pacific archipelagos, charac- terized by a large but rather slender bill, curved to the pointed tip, and with the lateral mar- gins nearly smooth ; the weakness of the lower mandible and the absence of prominences on the palate, and their softer tongue, often fur- nished with a pencil of bristles, show that their natural food is soft pulpy fruits and the juices of plants and flowers, and not the hard nuts and seeds eaten by most other parrots. The tail is generally of moderate length, rounded or graduated; the legs stout, and the wings, long and pointed; the prevailing color is a brilliant scarlet. In the typical genus lorius (Brisson), embracing about half a dozen spe- cies found in Borneo, the Moluccas, and New Guinea, the wings are moderate, with the sec- ond and third quills longest ; feathers of the tail broad and rounded. One of the hand- somest is the purple-capped lory (L. domicella, Briss.), about a foot long; the color is rich scarlet, with a yellow color on the breast, purplish crown, greenish wings with a bluish violet flexure, bluish green thighs, and orange