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 LONGUS expedition to Bordeaux, in company with La Rochefoucauld, the duke de Nemours, and her brothers Cond6 and Conti. Dissensions broke out between her and her younger brother. The citizens of Bordeaux opened negotiations with the duke de Vend6me, who was block- ading it. A general amnesty was proclaimed in 1653, after which the duchess returned to pri- vate life. Afflicted by the loss of her mother (1650), and by the desertion of her lover, and baffled in her schemes against the court, she resolved to renounce the world. But after having spent some time in various convents, she was again attracted by the pleasures of society, and accepted an invitation of her hus- band to rejoin him in Normandy. The duke died in 1663, and the duchess now devoted herself almost entirely to a religious life. She was called the "mother of the church," and her influence in Rome was said to have secured for the Jansenists the so-called peace of Cle- ment IX. (1668). The latter part of her life was darkened by the death of her son the duke de Longueville in battle (1672), and spent in the Carmelite convent of Paris in the most stringent observance of religious duties and in the practice of charity. Her death was even affirmed to have been either voluntary, or at all events hastened by the influence of an ab- stemious and penitential life upon her health. Cousin, in his interesting work on Madame de Longueville (Paris, 1853, often reprinted), calls her "the soul of the Fronde." LOXGUS, a Greek sophist, who is supposed to have lived about A. D. 400. Concerning his history nothing is known. He was the author of a pastoral romance entitled " The Pastorals of Daphnis and Chloe," of which the best edi- tions are by Villoison (Paris, 1778) and Passow (Leipsic, 1811). Villemain, in his work Sur les romans qrecs, compares Longus to Bernar- din de St. Pierre. LONGWORTH, Nicholas, an American horticul- turist, born in Newark, N. J., Jan. 16, 1782, died in Cincinnati, Feb. 10, 1863. In his youth he was clerk in the store of an elder brother in South Carolina. At the age of 21 he emigrated to Cincinnati, where he studied law. Conceiv- ing that Cincinnati was destined to be an im- portant centre, he purchased considerable tracts of adjoining land, which have long since been covered by the rapidly increasing city. After about 25 years' practice he retired from pro- fessional life in order to devote himself to the cultivation of the grape, with a view of manu- facturing wine, at first with little success, hav- ing used exclusively foreign vines. But about 1828 he commenced introducing native vines or their seedlings, and produced wine from two species, the Catawba and the Isabella, of a high marketable value. He had 200 acres of vineyards, besides a large wine house in the vicinity of Cincinnati. He was also favor- ably known by his experiments on the straw- berry. At his death his property was esti- mated at nearly $15,000,000. He published LOO CHOO ISLANDS 631 "Buchanan's Treatise on the Grape, with an Appendix on Strawberry Culture" (1856). LONGWY, a town and fortress of France, in the department of Meurthe-et-Moselle, situated on the Chiers, a tributary of the Meuse, 34 m. N. N. W. of Metz; pop. in 1866, 3,353. It is a fortress of the second class, is built on the side of a hill rising abruptly from the river, and is divided into the upper and the lower town. Longwy was founded in the 7th century, and was ceded to France in 1678. The fortifica- tions of * the upper town were planned by Vau- ban in 1682. It was taken by the Prussians in 1792, in 1815, and again on Jan. 25, 1871. LOMROT, Elias, a Finnish philologist, born at Sammati, in the district of Helsingf ors, April 9, 1802. He was the son of a tailor and learned his father's trade. After studying for a few months at the gymnasium of Borgo, he entered a druggist's shop in 1820, and in 1822 he was admitted to the university of Abo. He took the degree of M. D. in 1832, and was appoint- ed a district physician. In 1853 he succeeded Castren as professor of Finnish literature in the university of Helsingfors, a post which he still held in 1873. His literary labor has been mainly devoted to the collection of the songs and legends of Finland. (See FINLAND, vol. vii., p. 203:) LOAOKE, an E. central county of Arkansas, formed in 1873 from portions of Prairie and Pulaski cos. It is well watered, and the sur- face is diversified by hills, prairies, and bottom lands. Much of the soil is fertile, producing large crops of corn and cotton. It is traversed by the Cairo and Fulton and the Memphis and Little Rock railroads. Capital, Lonoke. LONS-LE-S1ULNIER, a town of Franche-Com- te", France, capital of the department of Jura, on the Seille, 69 m. N. E. of Lyons; pop. in 1866, 9,943. It has a communal college, a tribunal of commerce, a public library, a museum, two very ancient churches, and a salt spring dis- covered in the 4th century, to which it owes its surname (Lat. Salinarius), and from which much salt is produced. The principal manu- factures are hosiery and bonnets. LOO (1100 ISLANDS, Liu Kin, or Rin Kin, a chain of islands in the N. Pacific, between lat. 24 and 29 N., and Ion. 123 and 130 E. They are about 36 in number, besides many islets, and stretch from N. E. to S. W. between Japan and the island of Formosa. They contained in 1872 a population of 166,789. Okinawa, or Great Loo Choo, the principal island, is about 65 m. long. It extends N. E. and S. W., and is intersected by a range of hills attaining an ele- vation of 1,100 ft. The surface rock in the S. part of the island is argillaceous ; further N. it is of talcose slate and granite. The surface is intersected by limestone dikes or ridges, which form a remarkable feature of the scenery, rising into peaks, which at a little distance look like castellated towers. The argillaceous rock is often broken into bare faces with perpen- dicular sides, over which at the heads of tho