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 LOMBOK LOMONOSOFF 589 Sforza. The emperor Charles V. supported Francesco Sforza against the French, and in 1540, after Francesco's death, bestowed Milan as a vacant fief of the empire on his son Philip II. ; and it continued to be a possession of the Spanish crown till 1706, when it was annexed by Austria. In 1796 Bonaparte conquered Lombardy, and it became successively a part of the Cisalpine republic, of the Italian repub- lic (1801), and of the kingdom of Italy (1805). It was restored to Austria after the downfall of Napoleon by the treaties of 1815, and was united with Venice to form the Lombardo- Venetian kingdom of the Austrian empire. By the treaty of Zurich, Nov. 10, 1859, the whole of Lombardy, with the exception of the fortresses of Mantua and Peschiera, was added to the dominions of Victor Emanuel, to which these fortresses with all Venetia were also an- nexed by the treaty of Vienna of 1866. LOMBOK (native, TanaTc Sassak}, an island of the Indian archipelago, separated by the strait of Lombok from Bali on the west, and by the strait of Alias from Sumbawa on the east ; area, about 1,850 sq. m. ; pop. about 250,000. The island is nearly square, with a narrow pen- insula projecting from the S. E. angle. It is crossed by two mountain ranges, nearly paral- lel ; that on the N. side culminates in the peak of Mt. Rinjani, an extinct volcano, 8,000 ft. high; the other range follows the S. shore. Between these two is an undulating plain which is well watered and very fertile. There are many rivers, most of which empty into the two straits. The island is of volcanic formation, while in the straits on either side are several small coral islands. The coasts along these straits are indented with several very fine har- bors. Oranges, bananas, jambas, and rambu- tans grow abundantly, and there are extensive forests of cocoa trees. Rice is cultivated with great skill, and large crops are produced. Cot- ton, coffee, maize, and tobacco are also raised. Hogs, goats, and fowls abound, and small hardy horses, oxen, and buffaloes are bred for ex- portation. Among the native birds are green doves, black cuckoos, golden orioles, and white cockatoos. No tiger or other feline animal ex- ists on the island. In passing eastward across the strait of Lombok, there is a sudden change in the fauna, from an Asiatic to an Austra- lian character. The inhabitants of Lombok are said .to be more civilized than those of the neighboring islands. They are especially skilful in the manufacture of firearms and cutlery, and their krises or daggers are in de- mand throughout the archipelago. The ex- ports are cattle, hides, horns, cotton, tobacco, cocoa oil, dried beef, and timber ; the chief im- ports are opium, liquors, coarse cloths, raw silk, metals, and porcelain. The chief town is Amponam, on the strait of Lombok. Four miles inland from this is the village of Mata- ram, the capital. The government is an abso- lute monarchy, mildly administered. The gov- erning class are Brahmans, but the common people are all Mohammedans. The numerous petty chiefs are frequently at war with one an- other. In 1815 a great eruption of a volcano on Sumbawa, 60 in. away, sent such showers of ashes over Lombok that many of its fertile fields were rendered desolate, and thousands of the inhabitants perished. ' From this calam- ity it has but slowly recovered. LOMENIE, Louis Leonard de, a French author, born at St. Yrieix, Haute- Vienne, in 1818. He is descended from the family of the cardinal Lomenie de Brienne, who was comptroller of finances in 1787 and prime minister for a few months in 1788, and died from the brutal treatment of the revolutionists in 1794. He early applied himself to literature in Paris, and published, under the pseudonyme of Un Hom- me de Rien, a series of political and literary biographies known as the Galerie des contem- porains illustres (10 vols. 18mo, Paris, 1840- '47). In 1845 he was selected as the substitute of J. J. Ampere in the chair of French litera- ture at the college de France, and in 1864 be- came permanent professor, in which office he has since been succeeded by Guillaume Gui- zot ; but he holds a professorship in the poly- technic school. Many years since he com- menced the publication in different periodicals of another series of biographical sketches, Les Jiommes de '89, but their issue was suspended. His most valuable work is Beaumarchais et son temps, etudes sur la societe francaise (2 vols. 8vo, 1855 ; 2d ed., 1858). This was translated into English in 1857 (4 vols.), and abridged in New York. In January, 1874, he was elected a member of the French academy as successor of Prosper Merimee. LOMOND, Loch, the largest lake in Scotland, 15 m. N. W. of Glasgow, lying between Dum- bartonshire on the west and the counties of Perth and Stirling on the east. It is 24 m. long, and has its greatest width, about 7 m., near the S. end, from which it contracts until at the N. extremity it is less than 1 m. wide. Its depth also varies greatly, seldom exceeding 60 ft. in the S. portion, while toward the north it increases to nearly 600 ft. Its surface is only about 22 ft. above the level of the sea. The lake contains a number of islands, receives the Endrick and a large number of rivulets, and discharges its surplus waters into the frith of Clyde by the river Leven. Loch Lomond is celebrated for its grand scenery, being sur- rounded by high and rugged mountains toward the north, the most conspicuous of which are Ben Lomond on the east and the Arrochar hills on the west, and toward the south by an eleva- ted and diversified country dotted with villas. Steamers ply on the lake. Rob Roy's cave, or the Cave of the Rock, at the base of Ben Lo- mond, on the banks of the lake, is celebrated as having been the hiding place of that famous freebooter ; and in former times Robert Bruce found a secure shelter in the same locality. LOMONOSOFF, Mikhail, a Russian poet, born near Kholmogor, in the government of Arch-