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 548 LIVINGSTONE to Africa, and they were promptly accepted. Somewhat later he was formally ordained, and in 1840 he left England for Port Natal. Here he hecame acquainted with a fellow missionary, Robert Moffat, whose daughter he afterward married ; and after a short residence here he proceeded inland to the mission station of Kuruman, in the Bechuana country, about 600 m. N. E. of Cape Town. Here and at several other stations he was occupied in teaching and missionary labor till 1849, making such jour- neys and explorations as were incidental to his work, and sending to England much valuable geographical and scientific information, but undertaking no expeditions independent of his missionary occupations. In 1849, however, he made his first journey in search of Lake Ngami, about which he had obtained such information as he could from the natives. On Aug. 1 he discovered the lake, and during the few days following explored its borders, afterward ma- king an extended voyage down its outlet, the Zouga. In 1852, having sent his family to England, Livingstone started again on a jour- ney of discovery, and continued it beyond his original intention. During four years ke trav- ersed South Africa from the Cape of Good Hope, by Lake Ngarni, to Linyanti, thence to the western coast in lat. 10 S., then returned to Linyanti, and after passing through Tete, descended the Zambesi to the sea, passing over an estimated distance of 11,000 m. For this achievement he received the Victoria gold medal of the royal geographical society ; and on his visiting England in 1856 he was received with distinguished honors. In 1857 he pub- lished his first work on his travels and discov- eries, under the title of " Missionary Travels and Eesearches in South Africa," in which he gave a detailed account of the explorations above referred to. At the beginning of the volume is also a brief autobiographical sketch. In the spring of 1858 he returned to Africa, and, with the aid of the government and of private sub- scriptions, prepared to prosecute, with several assistants, further explorations in the southern part of the continent. Going to Quilimane, at the mouth of the Zambesi river, he travelled thence N. W., at first following up the Zam- besi, and afterward diverging to the north and exploring Lake Nyassa, which he discovered in September, 1859. The results of this expedi- tion, which was not ended till 1863, included also the exploration of the country W. and'N. W. of the lake for a distance of about 300 m., and of the whole district about the head waters of the N. E. branch of the Zambesi and its trib- utaries. Mrs. Livingstone, who had accom- panied her husband, died during the journey at Shupanga, April 27, 1862. In 1864 Dr. Living- stone returned to England, and in the follow- ing year published "Narrative of an Expedi- tion to the Zambesi and its Tributaries." He immediately made preparations for another ex- pedition, and again left England in April, 1865. For more than a year nothing was heard from him, and in March, 1867, a report reached England that he had been killed in a skirmish with the natives near Lake Nyassa. This re- port was not generally credited, and on June 9 an expedition under the command of Mr. E. D. Young left England in search of him. News from Mr. Young was received in Lon- don in January, 1868, stating that he believed Livingstone to be still alive. In April follow- ing letters from Livingstone himself were re- ceived from a point far to the west of where he was reported to have been murdered, stating that he was in good health. Nothing more was heard of him till November, 1869, when a letter was received from him dated July, 1868. He was then near Lake Bangweolo, and expressed the opinion that the sources of the Nile would be found between lat. 10 and 12 S., in the region assigned by Ptolemy. In later com- munications from him he seemed to entertain doubts of the correctness of this opinion, and said repeatedly that the conjecture had pre- sented itself to his mind that he was in the region of the sources of the Congo river, one of the largest in the world. This conjecture is now believed by many of the most eminent geographers to be correct. The next commu- nication received from him was dated at Ujiji, May 13, 1869; and another long silence of nearly two years' duration followed. Final- ly the "New York Herald" despatched Mr. Stanley, one of its correspondents, in search of the missing traveller. Mr. Stanley reached Ujiji in the autumn of 1871, and there found Livingstone alive and well. Livingstone and Stanley together now made a journey to the N. end of Lake Tanganyika, and believed that they had ascertained conclusively that the lake has no communication with the Nile. Mr. Stanley left Livingstone at Unyanyembe in March, 1872, and returned to England. It was then the intention of the traveller to remain for about a year longer in south central Africa in the prosecution of his explorations. In the following August, after receiving men and supplies from Zanzibar, he started on an ex- pedition toward the E. side of Lake Bangweolo, and the reported sources of the streams which form the Lualaba. He proposed to spend nine or ten months in this journey, and then return to England for permanent residence. From this time no news of his progress was received from the explorer's own hand ; but it is known through information acquired after his death that he reached his destination by passing around the lower end of the lake and proceed- ing along its S. shore. It also appeal's prob- able that he went northward and explored certain copper mines in the region of Katanga, of which he had received accounts from the natives; but accurate details concerning this last of his journeys are entirely wanting. Meanwhile, after Stanley's news of the dis- covery of Livingstone and his intentions for the future had reached England, an expedition to be sent to the explorer's assistance had been