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 LIVERPOOL 541 borough by Henry III. in 1229. But it con- tinued in a state of stagnation for many cen- turies. In 1644, during the contest between Charles I. and his parliament, the town held out for the latter nearly a month. Finally it was taken by Prince Rupert, and a great num- ber of the inhabitants perished by the sword, and others soon afterward by pestilence and famine. Its population was insignificant in the middle of the 17th century, and was not much above 5,000 in 1699, when the town, which up to that time had been a chapelry at- tached to the parish of Walton, became an in- dependent parish. The budding manufactures of Lancashire, Yorkshire, and Cheshire, and above all the plantations and the rise of Ameri- ca, gave a powerful impetus to its commercial activity; and the profitable and conspicuous part taken by the merchants and ship owners of Liverpool in the slave trade added consider- ably to the wealth of the town. At the be- ginning of the 18th century Liverpool had but a single dock. Between 1830 and 1860 over 25 new docks and basins were opened. In 1854 the corporation purchased the Birken- head dock and estates for about 1,100,000, and made them available for the constantly in- creasing demands of trade. The half -tide and graving docks on the Herculaneum estate were completed and opened for use on March 16, 1866. Two new docks were finished in 1867. The railway to Manchester was commenced in 1825 ; in October, 1829, the directors awarded a prize to Stephenson's locomotive engine ; the railway was opened Sept. 15, 1830, and in 1837 also that to Birmingham. The London rail- way was completed Sept. 17, 1838, and that to Preston Oct. 31. Liverpool is now the focus of a net of railways encircling the whole Uni- ted Kingdom. A telegraph line to Holyhead was opened April 18, 1860. California and soon afterward Australia gave another stimu- lus to Liverpool. The Australian trade is steadily increasing, and promises to make this the greatest wool market in the world. After the abolition of the monopoly of the East In- dia company in 1833, Liverpool began to rival London in the trade with the East. On the whole, however, the town may be said to have advanced in proportion to the progress of the United States, upon the trade with which coun- try its prosperity is chiefly dependent. LIVERPOOL, a town, port of entry, and the capital of Queens co., Nova Scotia, situated on the right bank of the river Mersey, here spanned by a bridge, at its entrance into Liver- pool harbor, 70 m. S. "W. of Halifax ; pop. in 1871, 3,104. It is well and regularly built, has a good harbor protected by a lighthouse, with a revolving light 75 ft. high, and is the centre of an important and increasing trade. The num- ber of vessels entered for the year ending June 30, 1872, was 122, with an aggregate tonnage of 21,688; cleared, 102, of 14,914" tons; value of imports, $157,140; of exports, $253,365, chiefly lumber, staves, and fish. Ship building is extensively carried on. The town contains saw mills, iron f ounderies, machine shops, &c., a weekly newspaper, and five churches. LIVERPOOL, a town of New Brunswick. See RICHIBUCTO. LIVERPOOL. I. Charles Jenkinson, first earl of, a British statesman, born May 16, 1727, died Dec. 17, 1808. He was educated at the Charterhouse, and at University college, Ox- ford, and entered parliament in 1761. In the same year he was appointed under-secretary of state, in 1763 joint secretary to the treasury, in 1766 a lord of the admiralty, and in 1778 secretary at war, a post which he retained until the close of Lord North's administra- tion. Adhering thenceforth to the party of Mr. Pitt, he was appointed in 1784 president of the board of trade. After 17 years' tenure of this office he retired in 1801. He was a man of respectable attainments, but was to an unusual degree the object of popular dislike on account of his supposed undue influence with the king. He wrote several political works, the most important of which are a " Collection of all the Treaties of Peace, &c., between Great Britain and other Powers, from 1648 to 1783," with a "Discourse on the Con- duct of Great Britain in respect to Neutral Nations" (3 vols. 8vo, London, 1785); and a " Treatise on the Coins of the Realm " (4to, Oxford, 1805). He was created Lord Hawkes- bury in 1786, and earl of Liverpool in 1796. II. Robert Banks Jenkinson, second earl of, eldest son of the preceding, born June 7, 1770, died Dec. 4, 1828. He was educated at the Charterhouse and at Christchurch college, Oxford. In 1790, before he had attained his majority, he was elected to parliament as member for Rye, and upon taking his seat in the succeeding year proved himself a ready debater and an efficient supporter of the ministry. Upon the retire- ment of Mr. Pitt in 1801 he was appointed for- eign secretary in the Addington cabinet, in which capacity he conducted the negotiation which terminated in the treaty of Amiens. Upon the return of Pitt to power he took office as home secretary, and in the latter part of 1808 was called to the house of peers as Lord Hawkesbury, in virtue of his father's barony of that name. The death of Pitt (1806) inter- rupted his official career, and although offered the premiership, he preferred to remain in op- position during the Fox and Grenville admin- istration. Upon its dissolution he again de- clined to form a ministry, but accepted the home department, which he retained until the assassination of Mr. Perceval. At the request of the prince regent, whose fullest confidence he always enjoyed, he then accepted, although with reluctance, the vacant premiership. His administration extended from 1812 to 1827, a longer period than that of any other modern British premier except Walpole and Pitt, and was rendered permanent and successful mainly through the efforts of Castlereagh and Canning in the foreign office. The military successes