Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume X.djvu/542

 536 LIU KIU LIVER of the United Brethren," London, 1849.) The liturgy of Calvin differs much from that of Luther. There is no responsive portion, but there are offices for the Lord's supper, and for baptism and marriage. The liturgy of Geneva is moulded on that of Calvin ; and the churches of continental Europe in sympathy with the Calvinistic system have rituals closely resem- bling the Genevese. The church of Scotland re- ceived her order of divine worship from Knox, who drew it up at Frankfort, tried it at Gene- va, and made it obligatory in Scotland in 1564. The " New Book of Scotland," published in 1644, combined the main features of the litur- gies of Calvin and Knox. The only guide for the Presbyterian order of worship is the West- minster " Directory for the Public Worship of God." Some Congregational and Baptist churches have adopted written forms for the administration of baptism and the Lord's sup- per, and for marriage and burial services. The Swedenborgians (New Jerusalem church) admit the Lord's prayer as the one fixed form, and with it they have a choral and responsive ser- vice, including the psalms of David recited or sung to old Gregorian music, and separate ser- vices for the sacraments and special occasions. Unitarianisrn, having no priestly order, nor in- dispensable, saving sacraments, has no estab- lished liturgy. In most Unitarian congregations there is a communion service, whose efficacy is believed to consist principally in fostering reli- gious feeling. The ordinary services are very simple, consisting of prayer, preaching, and singing ; and an afternoon service is now adopt- ed by some congregations, in which choral mu- sic is used 'with much effect. See Muratori, Liturgia Romano, Vetus (2 vols., Venice, 1748) ; Assemani, Codex Liturgicus EcclesicB Universalis (13 vols., Rome, l749-'66) ; the Lutheran Daniel, Codex Liturgicus Ecclesim Universes (4 vols., Leipsic, 1847-'54) ; Mone, LateiniscJie und Griechische Messen aus dem 2ten bis &ten Mrhundert (Frankfort, 1850) ; Neale, " The Liturgies of St. Mark, St. James, St. Clement, St. Chrysostom, and St. Basil" (fol., London, 1859) ; and " Liturgies and other Documents of the Ante-Nicene Period " (Edin- burgh, 1872). LIU KIU. See Loo CHOO. LIUTPRAND. See LUITPEAND. LIYADIA, or Levadia (anc. Lebadea), a town of Greece, capital of an eparchy of the same name in the nomarchy of Attica and Bceotia, situated on the Hercyna, 52 m. N. W. of Ath- ens; pop. about 5,000. It was formerly the most flourishing town of northern Greece, and was the capital of the Turkish province of Li- vadia, which included all of modern Greece N. of the isthmus of Corinth ; but it was nearly destroyed during the war of independence. It was famous in antiquity as the site of the cave of Trophonius and of the springs of Lethe and Mnemosyne. Cotton is raised in the sur- rounding country, and there are several cotton gins in the town, imported from England. LIVE OAK, a S. county of Texas, intersected by the Rio Nueces; area, 1,200 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 852, of whom 28 were colored. There is considerable tillable land in the valleys of the streams, but it is best adapted to stock raising. Rains are infrequent in summer. In 1870 there were 5,010 horses, 611 milch cows, 62,177 other cattle, 5,204 sheep, and 681 swine. Capital, Oakville. LIVER, an organ characterized by the pres- ence of cells secreting bile, and found in some form or other throughout almost the whole animal series. These cells may be scattered over the intestinal canal, restricted within its follicles, contained in elongated branching tubes or caeca, or collected in loosely lobulated mass- es, as in invertebrates; or they may be clus- tered together in lobules and consolidated into a firm and compact organ, as in man and other vertebrates. The liver in man occupies the right hypochondriac and epigastric regions, extending partly into the left hypochondrium, below the diaphragm ; it is above the stomach, duodenum, arch of the colon, gall bladder, and right kidney, and in front of the aorta and ft The Liver viewed from below. a, vena cava; &, vena port; c, bile duct ; d, hepatic artery ; I, gall bladder. lower vena cava. Its size is large, and its nor- mal weight from 3 to 4 Ibs. ; its form is irreg- ular, being elongated transversely, flattened from above downward, very thick behind and thin in front; its tissue is dense and of a red- dish brown color. The upper surface is con- vex, in contact with the diaphragm, and di- vided by the suspensory ligament or fold of peritoneum into two unequal parts, of which the right lobe is considerably larger than the left. The lower surface is irregularly concave, presenting from left to right a superficial de- pression corresponding to the upper wall of the stomach ; the antero-posterior or longitudinal fissure, which lodges in the foetus the umbili- cal vein and the ductus wnosus, shrunk into mere fibrous cords in the adult ; the transverse fissure, at right angles to the preceding, in which are situated the vena portas, the hepatic artery and biliary duct, and numerous nervous filaments and lymphatic vessels ; the short fis- sure for the vena cava, near the posterior border ; the small lobe of Spigelius, an irregu- larly triangular portion behind the transverse fissure; the lofrus quadratics, in front of the