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 LltfGARD LINLITHGOW 507 eases and cases of deformity, and is practised to some extent in Europe and America. Ling became a proficient in anatomy and physiol- ogy, and perfected several other branches of gymnastics. He at first supported himself by teaching the modern languages and fencing, and in 1805 he was appointed professor of fen- cing in the university at Lund. He also lec- tured on the old Norse poetry, history, and mythology, and wrote dramas and many poeti- cal essays, some of which have great beauty. He still devoted himself assiduously to the study of the curative effects of certain bodily move- ments ; and on being appointed master of fen- cing in the military academy at Carlberg, he was enabled to put his ideas into practical exe- cution, after having long struggled against the indifference of others and his own poverty. In 1813 the royal central institution was estab- lished at Stockholm to be devoted to his spe- cial practice, and he was made the director. He was elected member of the Swedish acad- emy, and was appointed professor and knight of the order of the north star. His "Elemen- tary Principles of Gymnastics " was published after his death (Upsal, 1840). Several other works have since been written in exposition of his theories, both in German and English. LIXGARD, John, an English historian, born in Winchester, Feb. 5, 1771, died at Hornby, near Lancaster, July 13, 1851. His parents were Roman Catholics, and in humble circum- stances. The friendship of Bishop Talbot en- abled him to be sent at a very early age to the English college at Douai, where he entered the theological department in 1791. During the disturbances of the French revolution he once narrowly escaped being hanged by a mob, and soon afterward, anticipating the forcible disso- lution of the college, which took place a little later, withdrew with some others of the com- munity to England, where they formed a semi- nary at Crook Hall, near Durham. He was or- dained priest in May, 1795, and was appointed about the same time vice president of the semi- nary and professor of natural and moral phi- losophy. In 1808 the community removed to Ushaw near Durham, where Lingard remained three years, having previously refused the pres- idency of the college of Maynooth. In 1811 he accepted the charge of a small mission at Hornby for the purpose of pursuing his studies with less interruption, and prosecuting the design which he had already formed of wri- ting a history of England. In 1817 he went to Rome upon an important mission, and again in 1825, when a cardinalship was offered to him, which he declined. During his later years he received a pension of 300 from the British government. His principal work is the "History of England, from the First In- vasion by the Romans to the Accession of William and Mary, in 1688." The first por- tion appeared in 1819, and it was finally com- pleted in 8 vols. 4to in 1830. In 1849 was published an edition in 10 vols. 8vo, thor- oughly revised by the author. The work has been translated into several languages, and ranks among the standard histories of Eng- land. Among Lingard's other writings are : "Antiquities of the Anglo-Saxon Church" (1806; enlarged ed., 1845); "Documents to ascertain the Sentiments of British Catholics in former Ages in regard to the Power of the Popes" (1812); "A Review of certain Anti- Catholic Publications " (1813) ; " Strictures on Dr. Marsh's Comparative View of the Church- es of England and Rome " (1815) ; " New Ver- sion of the Four Gospels" (1836); "Account of the Martyrs" (1839); and "Catechetical Instructions on the Doctrines and Worship of the Catholic Church" (1840). LINOULA. See BRACHIOPODA. LLROPING, a town of Sweden, capital of the Ian of the same name, or Ostergothland, 108 m. S. W. of Stockholm ; pop. in 1869, 7,154. It is the seat of the governor of the Ian and of a bishop, has a gymnasium with a library of 30,000 volumes and valuable collections of coins and antiquities, three churches, a castle, and considerable trade and industry. Sev- eral Swedish diets were held here. LINLEY. I. Thomas, an English composer, born at Wells about 1725, died in London in 1795. After completing his musical education he established himself in Bath, where he was very successful in teaching and giving concerts. His two elder daughters, afterward Mrs. Sheri- dan and Mrs. Tickell, added greatly to the at- tractions of his concerts as singers. On the re- tirement of Christopher Smith, who had been Handel's amanuensis, he removed to London to take the management of the oratorios, first in conjunction with Stanley the blind compo- ser, and afterward with Dr. Arnold. In 1775 he set to music the opera " The Duenna," by his son-in-law Richard Brinsley Sheridan ; its unparalleled success induced him to join the latter in purchasing an interest in Drury Lane theatre, the musical department of which he conducted for many years. He was the author of 12 ballads and a madrigal which are consid- ered among the finest specimens of their class. His death was hastened by grief at the loss of his eldest son, Thomas, a musician of great promise and an intimate friend of Mozart. II. William, youngest son of the preceding, also a composer, born about 1767, died in 1835. He was for many years in the East India compa- ny's service, and having accumulated a hand- some competency, he devoted the remainder of his life to literary pursuits and music. He was the author of numerous glees, canzonets, and miscellaneous pieces, distinguished by grace and feeling, and compiled "The Dramatic Songs of Shakespeare " (2 vols. fol.), in which are several of his own compositions. He also wrote two comic operas and several novels. LINLITHGOW, a town and royal and parlia- mentary burgh of Scotland, capital of Lin- lithgowshire, on Linlithgow loch, and on the Union canal and the Edinburgh and Glasgow