Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume X.djvu/512

 506 LING England. Scotland. Ireland. Total. Factories employed in spinning only. . Factories employed in weaving 72 38 76 88 65 48 213 174 Factories employed in spinning and weaving Factories not speci- fied 25 20 24 3 21 20 70 43 "Whole number of flax factories. .. Number of spinning spindles . ... 155 869,768 191 317,085 154 866,482 500 1,553,335 Operatives emprd.. 19,816 49,917 55,089 124,772 Of the operatives, 86,776 were females. There were 1,689 carding machines, 398 combing machines, 67,212 doubling spindles, 35,301 power looms, and 21,861 power-loom weavers. Although there were more establishments in England and in Scotland than in Ireland, those of the latter country were more extensive, and had a greater number of spindles and of em- ployees. The export of linen manufactures from the United Kingdom has increased from 3,852,341 in 1861 to 7,306,153 in 1873. The exports in 1873 embraced white* or plain linen to the value of 6,204,800; printed, checked, or dyed, 260,639; sail cloth and sails, 263,276; other kinds, 577,438. Be- sides the above, the exports of linen yarn amounted to 27,981,042 Ibs., valued at 1,622,- 216, in 1861, and 28,734,212 Ibs., valued at 1,976,830, in 1873. The greater portion of the manufactured linen is sent to the United States, while Spain, Holland, and Germany receive the largest amounts of the yarn ex- ported. In the United States in 1870, besides the establishments for dressing flax (see FLAX), there were 10 manufactories of flax and linen goods, the products of which during the year were valued at $2,178,775. The capital in- vested amounted to $2,325,250. The imports into the United States during the year ending June 30, 1873, of the manufactures of flax (including some articles of jute and hemp) amounted to $20,428,391, nearly all of which was from Great Britain. Jute is now much used with flax to produce the coarser linens. LING, a European fish of the cod family, lota molva (Cuv.). The body is elongated, the head flat, the gape large, the lower jaw the shorter with a single barbule at the extremity ; teeth Ling (Lota molva). in the upper jaw small and very numerous, a single larger and longer row below; scales small and firmly adherent ; the dorsal fins of equal height, the first short but not pointed as in the hake, the second long, immediately be- hind the first, reaching nearly to the caudal, and most elevated posteriorly ; anal nearly co- extensive with the dorsal, and caudal rounded. The back and sides are gray, inclining to olive ; the belly silvery; ventrals white, and dorsal and anal edged with the same ; caudal marked near the end with a transverse black bar, and the extreme tip white. This is a very valuable species, and is caught in great numbers on the English and Irish coasts by hand and long lines ; it is consumed fresh and salted, and is largely exported to southern Europe, forming an article of commerce almost as valuable as codfish; the sounds, roes, and oil from the livers are valuable, the latter for use in lamps and as an internal medicine in rheumatism. It is very prolific and voracious, feeding on any living thing coming in its way. The best time for the fishery is between January and August, and the favorite resorts are the margins of rocky valleys in the ocean ; it bites eagerly, and is readily caught. The usual length is ab'out 3 or 4 ft. Another species of lota, in- habiting the lakes and rivers of America from northern New York to the arctic regions, the L. maculosa (Lesueur), the codfish of the lakes or eel pout, is sometimes called ling in north- ern New England. The eel-shaped blenny (zoarces anguillaris, Peck), of the goby fam- ily, is also called ling by the Massachusetts fish- ermen. Other European gadoids of the genus motella, with a slightly elevated and delicate first dorsal, with a barbel on the chin and two or four on the upper jaw, are called rock ling ; they frequent rocky ground well supplied with seaweed ; though readily taking the bait, they are not much esteemed as food unless eaten very soon after they are caught; the length varies from 10 to 15 in. ; the food consists of small fishes and thin-shelled Crustacea. LING, Peter Henrik, a Swedish poet, the foun- der of curative gymnastics, born in Ljunga, Smaland, Nov. 15, 1776, died in Stockholm, May 3, 1839. He was educated at the schools of Wexio, and in 1797 passed the theological examination. From this time he travelled over Europe, apparently with no definite ob- ject, often reduced to extreme want, yet main- taining a sturdy independence of character. His love of adventure at one time led him to take part in a sea fight against Nelson. He at last returned to Sweden, having acquired several modern languages besides a variety of other knowledge. While at Stockholm suffer- ing from an attack of gout in the elbow, he conceived the idea of curing the complaint by exercise, and with this object learned the art of fencing. His success in this experiment led him to believe that many other diseases might also be relieved or cured by suitable combina- tions of movements, such as would induce the proper physiological action in the part exer- cised. Such was the origin of the so-called kinesipathy or movement cure, on the establish- ment of which his reputation is chiefly based. This system is now recognized as a medical auxiliary, applicable especially to chronic dis-