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 476 LIMBO LIMBURG muleteers and domestics; the mestizos and other half-breeds are public vendors and me- chanics. The Spanish natives are courteous, affable, and generous, though for the most part improvident. The men are often well edu- cated, but intellectual culture is little attended to among the women, whose chief acquire- ments beyond reading and writing are needle- work, music, dancing, and painting. The saya and manto, formerly so common, are now things of the past ; the dress is mostly of black silk, and the only head cover is a long veil; but French fashions are now common, and among men universal. Lima was founded on Jan. 6, 1535, by Francisco Pizarro, who, from the date (the festival of Epiphany, when the worship of Christ by the wise men or kings of the East is celebrated), named it Ciudad de los Reyes (City of Kings) ; but that name soon gave place to Lima, probably a Spanish corruption of Rimac. Pizarro was assassinated here oh June 26, 1541. The city was elevated to a bishopric in the course of the same cen- tury, and five provincial councils were held there, the first of which was that of 1583. It has frequently been visited by earthquakes, the most disastrous being those of 1582, 1586, 1630, 1678, 1697, 1746, 1828, and 1868; that of 1746 proved fatal to the port. (See CAL- LAO.) On July 12, 1821, it was entered by the Chilian army under San Martin, who on the 28th was proclaimed protector of indepen- dent Peru; and on July 29, 1838, the inhabi- tants revolted against Gen. Santa Cruz. The yellow fever committed frightful ravages in Lima in 1854, the only disastrous epidemic re- corded in its annals. LIMBO (Lat. limbm, border or edge), accord- ing to some of the scholastic theologians, one of the places into which departed spirits are re- ceived. St. Thomas Aquinas places hell in the centre of the earth ; it is encircled first by pur- gatory, above which extend successively the limbus infantum and the limbus patrum. The former includes children dying before baptism, who according to different dogmatists pass thence to heaven or remain for damnation. The latter, which is also called the bosom of Abra- ham (sinus Abrahce), includes the holy men of the old covenant, the patriarchs, and other pious ancients who died before the birth of Christ. According to the usual account, Christ opened this limbo when he went down into hell, liber- ated the souls detained there, and admitted them to the privileges of the blessed; and it has remained from that time closed and unoccu- pied. Dante describes the limbo in which he met with the distinguished spirits of pagan an- tiquity as the outermost circle of hell. LIMBORCH, PMlippus van, a Dutch theologian, nephew of Episcopius, born in Amsterdam, June 19, 1633, died there, April 30, 1712. In 1657 he became pastor of the congregation of Remonstrants at Gouda, and from 1668 till his death was professor of theology in the Remon- strant college at Amsterdam. As an Armini- an theologian he ranks next to Arminius and Episcopius, and was distinguished equally for learning and for liberality. Locke, who was his correspondent, dedicated to him his Epis- tola de Tolerantia. Limborch's principal work is his Theologia Christiana (4to, Amsterdam, 1686 ; English translation with additions, by William Jones, 2 vols. 8vo, London, 1702), which was the first and most complete exposi- tion of Arminian doctrine, and was undertaken at the request of the Remonstrants. He also wrote, besides many minor works, De Veritate Religionis Christiana (4to, Gouda, 1687) ; His- toria Inquisitionis (fol., Amsterdam, 1692; English translation by Samuel Chandler, 2 vols. 4to, London, 1731) ; and a commentary on the Acts and the Epistles to the Romans and Hebrews (fol., Rotterdam, 1711). LIMBURG. I. A territory of Europe, former- ly constituting a province of the Netherlands. Before its division in 1830 it extended between lat. 50 42' and 51 45' N., and Ion. 4 57' and 6 15' E., and was bounded by the provinces of North Brabant, Gelderland, Rhenish Prussia, Liege, South Brabant, and Antwerp. It was a county at an early date. Among its rulers at the close of the llth century was Count Henry, son-in-law of Frederick of Luxemburg, duke of Lower Lorraine. His son Henry in- herited large estates in Luxemburg, was made duke of Lower Lorraine by the emperor Henry IV., and seems to have been the first titular duke of Limburg. He died in 1119. At the close of the 13th century one of his descen- dants ceded the province to Duke John I. of Brabant, and the battle of Woeringen (1288) confirmed the latter in his possession. Early in the 16th century it was a duchy, and included several districts now belonging to the province of Liege. The city of Maestricht was added to the duchy in 1530. By the treaty of Westphalia in 1648 Limburg was divided between Austria and the states general, the latter receiving the counties of Daelhem and Falkenberg. Under the French, Limburg with other territory con- stituted the departments of Ourthe and Basse- Meuse. After the Belgian revolution of 1830 Limburg was divided between Holland and Belgium, but the boundaries were not definite- ly settled till 1839. II. The Dutch province, bounded )j North Brabant, Gelderland, Rhe- nish Prussia, and Belgian Limburg, being part- ly separated from the latter by the Maas or Meuse; area, 851 sq. m. ; pop. in 1872, 225,- 702, chiefly Roman Catholics. It is generally level, and the northwest portion contains many heaths and marshes. The most fertile soil is found in the valleys of the Maas, Roer, and other rivers; elsewhere the land is generally poor. Cereals, hemp, and flax are raised. Gin is the staple manufacture, and among the others are tobacco, soap, leather, paper, and glass. The principal towns are Maestricht, the capital, Venloo, Roermond, and Weert. From 1839 to 1866 Dutch Limburg belonged in a military sense to the German confederation, as a com-