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 LIGIER LIGUKIA 467 LIGIER, Pierre, a French actor, born in Bor- deaux in 1797, died there, Sept. 28, 1872. A glazier by trade, he first performed in Paris at the Theatre Francais in 1819, under the aus- pices of Talma, being his last pupil. Subse- quently he succeeded so well in the personation of Marino Falieri and other kindred parts, that in 1831 he was admitted to the association of the Theatre Francais. His most admirable representation was that of Richard III. He was the last exemplar of the method of Talma, and despite his physical disadvantages he pro- duced great tragical effects, especially in the delineation of fierce passions. LIGNE. I. Charles Joseph, prince de, an Austrian general, son of Claude Lamoral II., viceroy of Sicily, and descended on his moth- er's side from Mary, queen of Scots, born in Brussels in May, 1735, died in Vienna, Dec. 13, 1814. His father and grandfather, mem- bers of a princely house which was settled in Hainaut as early as the llth century, had both been field marshals of Austria, and he entered his father's regiment as ensign in 1752. In 1756 he became a captain, and distinguished himself during the seven years' war. His bravery at the battle of Hochkirch in 1758 gained him the rank of colonel. He was made major general in 1765, and lieutenant general in 1771. In 1782 he was sent on diplomatic business to Russia, where Catharine II. loaded him with favors and gave him a large estate in the Crimea. In 1788 he was appointed general of artillery by Joseph II., and in the following year he had an important share in the taking of Belgrade by Laudon. He lost favor at court in consequence of his son's par- ticipation in the rebellion of the Low Coun- tries against Austria in 1790; and although he obtained the rank of field marshal by regular promotion in 1808, he was never restored to active service. The last years of his life were passed chiefly in literary pursuits.. His works are nearly all included in his Melanges mili- taires, litteraires et sentimentaires (34 vols. 12mo, Vienna and Dresden, 1795-1811), and in his (Euvres posthumes (6 vols. 8vo, 1817). The former series Mme. de Stael abridged in two interesting volumes entitled Lettres et pensees (Paris, 1809). II. Eugene Lamoral, prince of Amblise and of Epinoy, a Belgian statesman, grandson of the preceding, born in Brussels, Jan. 28, 1804. After the revolution of 1830 his name was mentioned in connection with the throne of Belgium. In 1838 he repre- sented his country at the coronation of Queen Victoria. He was ambassador to France from 1842 to 1848, and to Italy in 1848 and 1849. He became a member of the senate in 1851, sub- sequently its president, and in 1863 a minister of state, positions which he still held in 1874. LIGNITE. See BKOWN COAL. LIGNUM VITJE. See GUAIACTTM. LIGNY, a village of Belgium, in the province and 13 m. W. N. W. of the city of Namur. It has given its name to the battle fought there between Napoleon's army and the Prus- sians under Bliicher, on June 16, 1815, two days before the battle of Waterloo, and almost simultaneously with the engagement on the neighboring spot of Quatre-Bras, in which the duke of Brunswick fell. A short time before the commencement of the action at Ligny, the duke of Wellington met Blticher there, and foretold his defeat. After a desperate resis- tance, the Prussians were driven with a heavy loss from their position; but Blticher main- tained his communications with the English and made good his retreat, and no beaten army ever rallied quicker. LIGUORI, Alfonso Maria da, a saint of the Ro- man Catholic church, born at Marianella, near Naples, Sept. 26, 1696, died in Nocera, Aug. 1, 1787. He belonged to a noble family, and was bred to the profession of the law ; but in 1722 he became a priest, and henceforth devoted himself to the instruction and reform of the more ignorant and vicious classes of the popu- lation, particularly in country places. To this end he founded at the hermitage of Santa Ma- ria de la Scala in 1732 a congregation to which he gave the name of the Most Holy Redeemer. In 1762 Pope Clement XIII. raised Liguori to the see of Sant' Agata dei Goti, which he gov- erned for 13 years, when at the age of 79, be- ing deaf, -almost blind, and afflicted with a painful malady, he resigned and retired to one of the houses of his congregation, where he ended his days. In theology he was a warm opponent of Jansenism and rigorism. He was remarkable for his profound contempt for all exterior show, for the extreme austerity of his life, his apostolic zeal, and activity in reform- ing abuses. He was highly esteemed by the kings of Naples, the bishops and cardinals of his time, and the popes. The veneration of the people for him, especially in his old age, was unbounded. He was canonized by Grego- ry XVI., May 26, 1839. His statue has been placed in St. Peter's, and he is one of the patron saints of Naples. He was raised to the rank of "doctor of the church" by Pius IX. in 1871. He left a number of theological and devotional works, including Theologia Moralis (Naples, 1755) ; Directorium Ordinandorum (Venice, 1758) ; Opera Dogmatica (1770); /*- toria di tutte Veresie con loro confutazione (3 vols. 8vo, 1773); Istruzione pratica per i con- fessori (3 vols. 12mo, Bassano, 1780); Homo Apostolicvs Instructus in sua Vocatione (3 vols. 4to, Venice, 1782) ; and Le glorie di Ma- ria (2 vols. 8vo, 1784). His complete works, translated into French, were published in Paris in 30 vols. 8vo (1834 et seq.). Many of his devotional works have been translated into English, and frequently republished. LIGURIA, in ancient geography, a district of northern Italy, which according to the divi- sions of Augustus was bounded N. by the Pa- dus (Po), E. by the Macra (Magra), separating it from Etruria, S. by the Ligurian sea (gulf of Genoa), and W. by the Varus (Var) and the