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 LEROY D'TIOLLES LE SAGE 365 D^une religion nationale, ou du culte (1846) ; Discours sur la situation actuelle de la societe (1847) ; De Vhumanite, solution paciftque du probUme du proletariat (1848) ; Projet d'une constitution democratique et sociale (1848) ; Du Christianisme et de ses origines democra- tiques (1848) ; Malthus et les economistes, ou y aura-t-il toujours des pauvres f (1849) ; La Greve de Samarez, poeme philosopJiique (1863- '4) ; and Job, a drama in five acts (1865). Sev- eral of these are reproductions from periodi- cals. Though knowing nothing of the German language, he also with the aid of a friend made a very successful translation of Goethe's Wer- ther (1843), to which George Sand wrote a preface. At the time of his death he was preparing a complete edition of his works. LEROY D'ETIOLLES, Jean Jacques Joseph, a French surgeon, born in Paris, April 5, 1798, died there, Aug. 25, 1860. He was educated at the imperial lyceum, subsequently studied medicine, and in 1822, before receiving his degree of doctor, presented to the academy of surgery a set of instruments invented by him- self for the operation of lithotrity. The in- vention was claimed by Civiale and Amussat, but after a thorough examination awarded to Leroy d'fitiolles. In 1831 the academy award- ed him a prize of 6,000 francs for a forceps used in the performance of the operation. He was the author also of many other inventions, and of works on lithotrity, urology, the pros- tate gland and bladder, a translation of Coo- per's " Dictionary of Surgery," &c. LEROY DE SAINT-ARNAUD, Jacques Achille, a French soldier, born in Paris, Aug. 20, 1801, died at sea, Sept. 29, 1854. His family, whose name was simply Leroy, belonged to the mid- dle classes. He was educated at the college of Louis le Grand, and received an appointment in the body guard of Louis XVIII. , which he was compelled to leave on account of the part which he took in the street riots of 1820. After leading a precarious life for a number of years in England and France, during which he occupied many subordinate positions, at one time following the profession of an actor under the name of Florival, he succeeded in 1831 in getting reinstated in the army with the rank of sub-lieutenant. He took part in the so-called Vendean war of 1831 ; and in 1833, when Gen. Bugeaud was appointed governor of the citadel of Blaye, where the duchess of Berry was de- tained, Leroy was chosen as the assistant jailer, although he was characterized in the records of his regiment as being "lazy, dissipated, fond of gambling, and over head and ears in debt." Subsequently he pushed his fortunes in Algeria, where he displayed great personal bravery at the taking of Constantine. In 1844 he suc- ceeded Cavaignac as commander of the military division at Orleansville. After his capture of the rebel chieftain Bou-Maza he was made brigadier general (1847). In February, 1848, he went to Paris, married a rich Belgian heir- ess, and afterward returned to Algeria as com- mander of the province of Constantine. In 1851 he operated successfully against the un- ruly Kabyle tribes, after which he was made general of division (July 10) and commandant of one of the military divisions of Paris, in which post he became a favorite with Louis Napoleon. Made minister of war in October, 1851, he was among the most active in aiding the consummation of the coup d'etat of Dec. 2. His salary as minister of war was now raised from 48,000 to 100,000 francs, in addition to his salary of 30,000 francs as senator. A dowry of 300,000 francs was presented by Louis Napoleon to his daughter, and in 1852 he received the titles of marshal and of grand equerry of France. In April, 1854, he was invested with the command of the French forces in Turkey, in which capacity he stren- uously insisted upon the landing in the Crimea. Although tortured by intense suffering from disease and wounds, he was on the battle field of the Alma for 12 hours. He was compelled to relinquish his command on Sept. 26, after which cholera was added to his other mala- dies, and he died three days afterward, while on his way to Constantinople. The Lettres du marechal de Saint-Arnaud were published jn 2 vols. in Paris in 1855 (2d ed., 1864). LERWICK, a town of Scotland, capital of the Shetland islands, on Bressay sound, on the E. side of Mainland, 20 m. N. E. of Sumburgh head ; pop. in 1871, 3,449. The main thorough- fare is a tortuous path between the houses, which are built close to the water's edge. In the vicinity are the ruins of a castle of sup- posed Pictish origin. The harbor is well pro- tected and easily accessible. The coasting trade and fisheries are active. Nearly 100 vessels belong to the port. LE SAGE, Alain Rene, a French author, born at Sarzeau, Brittany, May 8, 1668, died in Boulogne, Nov. 17, 1747. An only son, and an orphan at 14 years of age, his uncle, to whom he was intrusted, sent him to be edu- cated in the Jesuits' college at Vannes, and meantime dissipated the little property which had been left to him. He became a favorite at the college, after leaving which he seems to have held for several years an office in the collection of the taxes in Brittany. In 1692 he went to Paris to pursue his studies in phi- losophy and law, made his way into the best society, is said to have been offered the hand and fortune of a lady of quality, which he de- clined, and in 1694 married Marie Elisabeth Huyard, the daughter of a citizen. He was admitted an advocate, but preferred to seek resources in literature, and made from a Latin version a translation of the letters of Aristse- netus (Paris, 1695), which had little success. There are few traces of him for several years, till the abbe" de Lyonne became his patron, gave him a pension of 600 livres, and led him to study and admire Spanish literature. He trans- lated three plays (1700-'2) from Roxas and Lope de Vega, none of which were success-