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 LEELANAW LEEUWENHOEK 313 LEELANAW, a K W. county of the S. penin- sula of Michigan; area, about 1,000 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 4,576. It occupies a peninsula formed by Grand Traverse bay and Lake Michigan. The chief productions in 1870 were 24,112 bushels of wheat, 19,989 of Indian corn, 15,322 of oats, 84,343 of potatoes, 53,971 Ibs. of butter, 37,056 of maple sugar, and 1,607 tons of hay. Value of live stock, $123,022. There were 5 flour mills and 7 saw mills. Capital, Northport. LEEMANS, Conradns, a Dutch archaeologist, born at Zalt Boemel, Gelderland, April 28, 1809. He studied theology and archaeology at the university of Leyden, and in 1839 became director of the museum of that city. In 1859 he was commissioned by government to estab- lish at Leyden a national ethnographic mu- seum, of which he has the direction, and to which was added Siebold's Japanese collec- tion. He has published a critical edition of the Hieroglyphica of Horapollo (Leyden, 1835), Description raisonnee des monuments egyptiens du musee d Leyde (1840), Papyri Greed Musei Lugduno-Batavi (vol. i., 1843), and several other works upon Egyptian, Greek, and Roman antiquities. Pie has also published a descrip- tion of the Asiatic and American antiquities in the museum of Leyden (1842). His most important work is Aegyptische monumenten van Jiet museum van oudheden te Leyden (23 parts, 1835-'65). LEER, a seaport town of Prussia, in the province of Hanover, on the Leda, about 1 m. above its entrance into the Ems, and 16 m. S. of Aurich; pop. in 1871, 8,932. It has three churches (Reformed, Lutheran, and Catholic), a Mennonite meeting house, a synagogue, a gymnasium, and an industrial school. It has considerable navigation and ship building, and an increasing number of manufactories. LEES, Frederick Richard, an English temper- ance orator, born at Meanwood Hall, near Leeds, Yorkshire, March 15, 1815. When 19 years old he connected himself with the tem- perance cause, and in the following year with the total abstinence movement. From 1837 to 1840 he held various discussions with the Owenites, and published in 1838-'9 "The Metaphysics of Owenism Dissected." From 1841 to 1844 he gained several prizes for essays on temperance; and in 1856 he gained 100, offered by the United Kingdom alliance for an argument for the legislative prohibition of the liquor traffic. In 1843 he held a discussion with Mr. Jefferson, a surgeon, in which he explained the bearing of the discoveries of Liebig on the temperance question. In 1845 he started " The Truth Seeker in Literature, Philosophy, and Religion," a magazine devoted to free and catholic inquiry, and to transcendental and spiritual philosophy, which continued through six volumes. In 1848 he held discussions with several of the physicians of Newcastle, and was presented with a public testimonial. In 1853 he visited the world's temperance con- vention in New York as the representative of the British temperance association of the north of England. In 1860 he received a public tes- timonial of 1,000 guineas from the friends of temperance in Great Britain. He is the au- thor of a " History of Alcohol " (1843), and of a " Treatise on Logic, or the Method, Means, and Matter of Argument." LEESER, Isaac, an American rabbi, born in Neukirch, Westphalia, Dec. 12, 1806, died in Philadelphia, Feb. 1, 1868. In 1825 he emi- grated to the United States, where for a short time he devoted himself to commerce. In 1829 he became rabbi of the principal syna- gogue of Philadelphia, and acquired reputation by his contributions to literature, referring principally to Jewish history and theology. For several years he edited "The Jewish Ad- vocate " (or " Occident "), a journal devoted to the interests of his creed. Among his works are : " The Jews and the Mosaic Law " (1833); "Discourses, Argumentative and De- votional" (1836-'40); "Portuguese Form of Prayers" (1837); a "Descriptive Geography of Palestine;" and a translation of the He- brew " Holy Scriptures " according to Jewish authorities (1856). He also published an edi- tion of the Hebrew Bible (1866). LEEUWARDEN, a town of Holland, capital of the province of Friesland, situated in a fertile plain on the Ee, 10 m. from the sea, and 70 m. N. E. of Amsterdam; pop. in 1872, 26,264. It is well built, intersected by numerous canals, and connected by others with Harlingen, Gro- ningen, and Delfzyl. The principal buildings are the ancient palace of the princes of Orange, the government house, and the old Landhuis. It has a society for Frisian history, antiquities, and language, a natural history society, a gym- nasium, a musical school, a school of design, 12 churches, and various manufactures. LEEUWENHOEK, or Leenwenhoeck, Antonins Tan, a Dutch naturalist, born in Delft, Oct. 24, 1632, died there, Aug. 26, 1723. He had no learned education, and in early life was engaged in mercantile pursuits. He cultivated science during his spare moments, and attained the reputation of making the best microscopes in Europe. By his applications of the micro- scope, and by the researches in physiology to which they conducted him, he attracted the attention of the royal society of London ; and the greater part of his writings, containing accounts of his discoveries, were published in the English " Philosophical Transactions." He was among the first observers to employ the microscope in anatomical and physiological in- vestigations, of which he made a great number by means of simple microscopes of his own construction. These instruments consisted of a single biconvex lens, fixed in a perforated metallic plate, to which was attached a mova- ble needle destined to carry and fix in a proper position the object to be examined. Though of such simple construction, they were often of very high magnifying power, owing to the