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 LEBANON LEBCEUF 281 both sexes. In 1874 it had 7 instructors, 67 preparatory and 149 collegiate students, and a library of 8,000 volumes. A semi-monthly periodical is issued by the students. LEBANON, Libanns, or Jebel Libnan (the white mountain), the western of two mountain chains in Syria which are thrown off from the S. E. continuations of the Taurus range, and extend S. S. W. almost parallel with the coast. The eastern of these ridges is called Anti-Libanus, Anti-Lebanon, or Jebel esh-Shurki. The Leba- non is the higher of the two, its average alti- tude being estimated at 7,000 ft., while its cul- minating peak, according to Burton ("Unex- plored Syria," 1872), is Jebel Timarun, 10,533 ft. high. On its "W. side the chain sends off sev- eral spurs which traverse the narrow strip of coast, which in antiquity was Phoenicia, and terminate at the Mediterranean in bold promon- tories. On the east lies the valley of Coele- Syria, now called El-Bukaa, which separates this range from Anti-Libanus ; it is nearly 100 m. long and from 10 to 20 m. wide. It is not properly a valley, because it undulates between elevations of 2,000 and 3,000 ft. S. of it lies the valley of the Jordan, the most important of the rivers of this mountain system. The next lar- gest are the Aasy (the ancient Orontes), which cuts through the Lebanon at Antakia (Anti- och), about lat. 36 7', and the Litany (Leontes), which empties a little N. of Sur (Tyre). The general geological formation of the Lebanon is carboniferous and mountain limestone, the whiteness of which is said to have given to the range its name (Heb. Idban, white). The rock is very porous, and has been worn by the action of air and water into numerous caves and hollows, which once sheltered the perse- cuted Jews and Christians. Graywacke, slate, basalt, and other igneous rocks, granite, gneiss, dolomite, iron, and coal are also found. Mines of the last two minerals are worked to some extent. The scenery of the mountains when viewed from the sea or plains is in the highest degree picturesque ; but on a nearer approach little is presented to interest the traveller ex- cept rugged ravines and dangerous precipices. The vegetation is scanty, although here and there appear pleasant groves, of which the famous cedars of Lebanon form the most re- markable part (see CEDAR), and good pasture grounds to which the Arabs resort in summer. The lower parts of the range, however, are exceptions to these remarks; they are well watered and cultivated, and their valleys con- tain orchards, vineyards, mulberry plantations, and grain fields. Olives, almonds, oranges, and citrons are alsp produced, and on the E. side are scrub oaks. The habitable regions of the Lebanon are chiefly in the possession of the Maronites and Druses. (See ANTI-LLBANTJS, DRUSES, MARONITES, and PHOENICIA.) LEBANON SPBINGS. See NEW LEBANON. LEBAS, Jean Baptiste Apollinaire, a French engineer, born Aug. 13, 1797, died in 1873. In 1836 he removed the great obelisk of Luxor from Egypt to the Place de la Concorde, Paris, as described in his L? Obelisque de Luxor, his- toire de sa translation d Paris (Paris, 1839). He was keeper of the naval museum of the Louvre, and a member of the board of admi- ralty, retiring in 1858. LE BAS, Louis Hippolyte, a French architect, born .in Paris in 1782, died there in 1867. He became architect of public works, member of the institute, and professor at the school of fine arts, and executed many remarkable works, including the church of Notre Dame de Lorette. LE BAS, Philippe, a French archaeologist, born in Paris, June 18, 1794, died in 1861. At the age of 16 he entered the navy, which he left three years later for the army. He shared in the campaigns of 1813-'14, and then leaving the service was employed for six years in the office of a magistrate. In 1820 he was chosen by Queen Hortense to act as tutor to Prince Louis Napoleon, the future Napoleon III., with whom he remained till Oct. 1, 1827. After holding professorships at Paris successively of history and of the Greek language and literature, he was commissioned by the government in 1842 to undertake a tour of archaeological in- vestigation in Greece and Asia Minor, during which he made many valuable discoveries. His best known works are his Explication des in- scriptions grecques et latines recueillies en Grece (1835-'7), and Voyage archeologique en Grece et en Asie Mineure (1847 et seq., but never completed). LEBEBT, Hermann, a German physician, born in Breslau, June 9, 1813. He studied in Berlin and graduated at Zurich in 1834. Subsequently he attended the clinics in Paris, practising his profession in Switzerland during the summer. Orfila employed him in collecting materials for the museum of comparative anatomy. After having perfected his knowledge of surgery un- der Dieffenbach in Berlin (1846-'7), he resumed his residence in Paris. He became professor at Zurich in 1853, and at Breslau in 1859, re- tiring in 1874. His principal work is Traite d'anatomie pathologique generale et speciale (2 vols., Paris, 1855-'60, with 2 vols. of illustra- tions). Among his numerous other writings in French and German are JKecherches cliniques, experimentales et microscopiques sur Vinflam- mation, &c. (2 vols., Paris, 1845), and Klinilcder BrustTcranlcheiten (2 vols., Tubingen, 1874). LEBLANC, Urbain, a French veterinary surgeon, born near Bressuire, Nov. 26, 1796. He studied and taught at Alfort, and became in 1832 a surgeon to the prefecture of police in Paris, and in 1852 a member of the medical academy. He established an extensive farriery, and introduced various ingenious methods and instruments into the practice of his profession. He has publish- ed, with Trousseau, Anatomie chirurgicale des principaux animaux domestiques (Paris, 1839), and with Follin, Traite de pathologie comparee (2 vols., 1855), besides other works. LEB4EUF, Edmund, a French general, born in Paris, Dec. 6, 1809. He served in Algeria and