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 14 KIOWAS kaias they occupied the head waters of the Platte and Arkansas. They raised horses and traded with the Ricarees, Mandans, &c. They had obtained horses at an early period from the Spaniards, and committed frequent depreda- tions, being great warriors and fine horsemen, though awkward on foot. They were at war with many northern tribes, especially the Paw- nees, Tetans, and Sioux. They were noted for the long hair of the men, often reaching to the knees, but done up in three or four plaits, while the women were cropped short. They long hunted on the Platte, and in summer pursued the buffalo between the North fork of the Canadian and the Arkansas, but in autumn and winter pastured their immense herds on the rich grassy bottoms of the Red river. As late as 1819 they used the bow and arrow, lance and war club, and carried shields. They lived in leathern lodges, transported as they moved. The early estimates of their numbers were low, but about 1840 they were 1,800 strong. In 1839 a delegation visited St. Louis. In 1843 government made several attempts to^negotiate with them, especially to liberate the. white captives in their hands. There was, however, littlelntercourse with them till the treaty of Fort Atkinson, July 27, 1853, when for a ten years' annual payment of $18,000 they agreed to re- frain from all hostilities. They, however, re- sumed their depredations, and in 1858 Tohan- son, or Little Mountain, defied the whites to punish them. In 1859 the Texans drove them out, and they retired between the Canadian and Arkansas rivers. The government withheld the annual payments in 185 9-' 60, but they made raids on Texas in retaliation. In October, 1865, a new treaty was made with the Co- manches and Kiowas, Tahanson, Santanta or Sitting Bear, Black Eagle, and Lone Wolf being the principal chiefs. They claimed all the territory from the North fork of the Platte to Texas. The object was to induce them to give up their lands and take a reservation on receiving an annual payment proportioned to their numbers. The treaty of August, 1869, assigned to them and some Comanches and Apaches 3,549,440 acres in the southwest of Indian territory, on lands leased from the Chickasaws. They numbered at this time 1,928, but were restive, complained of being fed on Indian corn, and took no interest in agriculture, trampling down their own corn fields. In 1870 they killed several whites near the agency, and invaded Texas. The next year, in May, Santanta led a war party to Texas, which captured a train, killing many. Government then acted decisively. Santanta and Big Tree were arrested, and sent to Jacks- borough, Texas, where they were convicted of murder and sentenced to death. This was com- muted to imprisonment for life. The tribe, humbled at first, gave up horses and mules; but recovering somewhat, they threatened new raids if Santanta was not restored. At the request of the federal government Texas par- KIPTCHAK doned the chiefs, but their hostility continued unabated. Under the treaty of 1867 they have 25 instalments of $30,000 and $7,500 for cloth- ing, seeds, blacksmith, &c. ; but they are very turbulent and unsettled. Their number was reported in 1873 as 2,000, and their property was estimated at $200,000. KIP, William Ingraham, an American bishop, born in New York city, Oct. 3, 1811. He stud- ied at Rutgers college, N. J., and graduated at Yale in 1831. He first studied law, and then theology at the general theological seminary of the Episcopal church in New York, and was ordained a deacon in 1835. After some minis- terial work in Morristown, N. J., and New York city, he became in 1838 rector of St. Peter's church in Albany, N. Y. In October, 1853, he was consecrated missionary bishop of the Pacific coast, and soon after bishop of the diocese of California, which post he still re- tains (1874). Besides numerous contributions to church periodicals, he has published " The Lenten Fast" (1843); "The Double Witness of the Church " (1844) ; " Christmas Holidays in Rome" (1845); "Early Jesuit Missions in North America" (1846); "Early Conflicts of Christianity " (1850) ; " The Catacombs of Rome" (1854); and "Unnoticed Things of Scripture" (1868). Most of these works have passed through several editions and been re- published in England. KIPPIS, Andrew, an English clergyman, born in Nottingham in 1725, died in London in 1795. He was educated at Northampton, in the theological seminary of Dr. Doddridge, and, after being a Unitarian pastor for some years at Boston in Lincolnshire and Dorking in Surrey, he removed in 1753 to London, where he became minister of the Unitarian chapel of Prince street, Westminster. In 1763 he became classical and philological master of Coward's theological academy, and he held a similar chair in the Unitarian institution at Hackney. His most important works are his edition of the " Biographia Britannica," which he commenced in 1777, and of which he published 5 vols. ; and a " Life of Captain James Cook " (2 vols. 8vo, 1788). He also edited the works of Dr. Nathaniel Lardner and Dr. Doddridge. KIPTCHAK, or Kaptchak, the name of one of the oldest Mongolian or Tartar races, and also that of the lands of S. E. Russia and W. Asia which they inhabited. Oriental authors, as Rashid ed-Din and Abulghazi Bahadur Khan, relate that while Oghuz Khan, a descendant of Turk, a son of Japhet, was fighting a bloody battle with the Kara Khatia, the wife of a general of the latter hid in a hollow tree (kiptchak} and gave birth to a child, who became the fore- father of the horde, and the founder of the empire called Kiptchak. The Deshti Kiptchak, or desert of Kiptchak of the eastern writers, the home of many roaming tribes in the middle ages, comprised the vast steppes on the lower courses of the Dnieper, Don, Volga, and Yaik or Ural, and between the Black and Caspian